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PP Clues > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

what tissues are the best at depolarizing?

A
  • neuronal

- purkinje fibers

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1
Q

what are the most common intracellular cations/anions?

A

potassium and proteins

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2
Q

what type of hormones have second messenger systems?

A
  • water-soluble (protein)
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3
Q

where are protein hormone receptors located?

A

cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the reflection coefficient for protein hormones?

A

close to 1

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6
Q

what are 6 classes of second messengers?

A
  • cAMP
  • cGMP
  • IP3/DAG
  • calcium
  • tyrosine kinase
  • nitric oxide
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7
Q

what is the action of cAMP?

A

2nd messenger for sympathetics EPI

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8
Q

what is the action of cGMP?

A

2nd messenger for parasympathetics

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9
Q

what is the action of IP3/DAG?

A
  • 2nd messenger for:
  • all hypothalamic hormones except CRH
  • all smooth muscle contraction by hormones or neurotransmitters
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10
Q

what is the action of calcium-calmodulin?

A

2nd messenger of all smooth muscle contraction by distention

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11
Q

what is calcium a second messenger for?

A

gastrin

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12
Q

what is the action of tyrosine kinase?

A

2nd messenger for insulin and all growth factors

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13
Q

what is the action of nitric oxide?

A

2nd messenger for nitrates

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14
Q

what is the MC 2nd messenger system?

A

cAMP

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15
Q

what hormones are activated by phosphorylation?

A

all catabolic

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16
Q

what hormones are deactivated by phosphorylation?

A

all anabolic

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17
Q

what enzyme breaks down cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP

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18
Q

what substrances inhibit phosphodiesterase?

A

caffeine and theophylline

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19
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gs subunit of G-protein?

A

ETEC and vibrio

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20
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gi subunit of the G-protein?

A

pertusses

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21
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate EF-2?

A

diphtheria and pseudomonas

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22
Q

how does nitric oxide work?

A

increases cGMP

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23
Q

what second messenger systems are enhanced by increase in calcium?

A
  • IP3/DAG
  • calcium/calmodulin
  • calcium
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24
Q

what hypertensive medications both vaso and veno dilate?

A

nitrates and ACE-inhibitors

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25
Q

what substance use nitric oxide as a second messenger?

A
  • ANP
  • endotoxin
  • viagra (sildenafil)
  • all nitrates
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26
Q

what nitrates is used to treat cyanide poisoning?

A

amyl nitrate

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27
Q

what nitrate is given IV or sub lingual for chest pain?

A

nitroglycerine

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28
Q

what nitrate is used to treat a hypertensive crisis?

A

sodium nitroprusside

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29
Q

what is the function of smooth ER?

A

detoxification and steroid synthesis

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30
Q

what is the function of rough ER?

A

makes proteins for packaging

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31
Q

what is the function of free ribosomes?

A

makes proteins for cytoplasm

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32
Q

what is the function of the lysosome?

A

degradation of waste

33
Q

what is the function of golgi?

A

post-translational modifications of proteins

34
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

makes energy

35
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains genetic information

36
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

produces ribosomal RNA

37
Q

Damage to what orgenelles is irreversible?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
38
Q

what are 3 exceptions to the water-out, fat-in rule?

A
  • channels
  • pores
  • transmembrane proteins
39
Q

what is the RDA for fat/carb/protein?

A

30% fats
30% proteins
40% carbohydrates

40
Q

what are the 7 functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • provide structure
  • transport
  • active transport
  • heat/temp regulation
  • maintain gradient
  • depolarization
  • signal transduction
41
Q

what is membrane transportation in a cell called?

A

phagocytosis

42
Q

what is it called to bring something into a cell?

A

endocytosis

43
Q

what is it called to put something outside the cell?

A

exocytosis

44
Q

what is it called to bring something into a cell?

A

pinocytosis

45
Q

what are the two things required for cellular transport?

A

ATP and actin

46
Q

what is the most important substance endocytosed?

A

nutrition

47
Q

what is the most important substance exocytosed?

A

waste

48
Q

what is the most important waste product produced by cells?

A

lipofuscin (brown pigment)

49
Q

what is the most important factor in the movement of particles?

A

cooncentration gradient

50
Q

how do you concentrate any substance in the body?

A

with an ATPase

51
Q

how does secondary active transport work?

A

going with a concentration gradiant using another substance’s gradent

52
Q

what is the most common gradient used for secondary active transport?

A

Na

53
Q

what is true for all fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors?

A

they never have cellular membrane receptors because they readily cross the membrane.

54
Q

where are fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors located?

A

in the nucleus (except for cortisol with a cytoplasmic receptor)

55
Q

how do nuclear receptors work?

A

stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication, transcription, and translation into proteins by which they manifest their action

56
Q

how do you differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?

A

by the proteins they make

57
Q

what factors affect transportation of water-soluble compounds or hormones?

A
  • size
  • charge
  • pH
  • surface area
  • membrane thickness
  • flux
  • relfection coefficient
  • Fick’s law
58
Q

how does ions cross membranes?

A

through channels

59
Q

how do medium-size particles cross membranes?

A

pores

60
Q

how do larger molecules cross membranes?

A

transport proteins

61
Q

how does the body get rid of heat?

A

vasodilate

62
Q

how does the body keep heat?

A

vasoconstrict

63
Q

what is the most important substance that is transported through pores?

A

sweat (NaCl and water)

64
Q

which hormone have cell membrane receptors?

A

non-steroid hormones

65
Q

what are the most common extracellular cations/anions?

A

sodium and chloride

66
Q

what organ uses the SER for detoxification?

A

kidneys

67
Q

what organ uses SER for steroid synthesis?

A

liver

68
Q

what is the form of proteins when they start off?

A

pre-pro-protein

69
Q

which is the only protein modified in the rough ER?

A

collagen

70
Q

where are all proteins except collagen modified?

A

golgi

71
Q

what are the tissues with the most SER?

A

liver and kidney

72
Q

what substance do lysosomes have a lot of?

A

acid hydrolases

73
Q

what do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?

A

cause the pH to be very acidic

74
Q

what is the structure formed when a lysosome phagocytoses something?

A

phagosome of phagolysosome

75
Q

what component of tuberculosis prevents phagocytosis?

A

cord factor

76
Q

what ion damages lysosomes by coating their surface?

A

calcium

77
Q

what does damage to the lysosomes cause?

A

acid hydrolases leak out and damage the nuclease, particularly DNAse and RNAse

78
Q

what is the most important primary active transport system?

A

gh

PP Clues (2 decks)

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