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Cell Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

what tissues are the best at depolarizing?

A
  • neuronal

- purkinje fibers

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1
Q

what are the most common intracellular cations/anions?

A

potassium and proteins

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2
Q

what type of hormones have second messenger systems?

A
  • water-soluble (protein)
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3
Q

where are protein hormone receptors located?

A

cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the reflection coefficient for protein hormones?

A

close to 1

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6
Q

what are 6 classes of second messengers?

A
  • cAMP
  • cGMP
  • IP3/DAG
  • calcium
  • tyrosine kinase
  • nitric oxide
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7
Q

what is the action of cAMP?

A

2nd messenger for sympathetics EPI

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8
Q

what is the action of cGMP?

A

2nd messenger for parasympathetics

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9
Q

what is the action of IP3/DAG?

A
  • 2nd messenger for:
  • all hypothalamic hormones except CRH
  • all smooth muscle contraction by hormones or neurotransmitters
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10
Q

what is the action of calcium-calmodulin?

A

2nd messenger of all smooth muscle contraction by distention

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11
Q

what is calcium a second messenger for?

A

gastrin

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12
Q

what is the action of tyrosine kinase?

A

2nd messenger for insulin and all growth factors

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13
Q

what is the action of nitric oxide?

A

2nd messenger for nitrates

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14
Q

what is the MC 2nd messenger system?

A

cAMP

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15
Q

what hormones are activated by phosphorylation?

A

all catabolic

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16
Q

what hormones are deactivated by phosphorylation?

A

all anabolic

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17
Q

what enzyme breaks down cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP

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18
Q

what substrances inhibit phosphodiesterase?

A

caffeine and theophylline

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19
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gs subunit of G-protein?

A

ETEC and vibrio

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20
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gi subunit of the G-protein?

A

pertusses

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21
Q

what bacteria ADP-ribosylate EF-2?

A

diphtheria and pseudomonas

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22
Q

how does nitric oxide work?

A

increases cGMP

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23
Q

what second messenger systems are enhanced by increase in calcium?

A
  • IP3/DAG
  • calcium/calmodulin
  • calcium
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24
Q

what hypertensive medications both vaso and veno dilate?

A

nitrates and ACE-inhibitors

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25
what substance use nitric oxide as a second messenger?
- ANP - endotoxin - viagra (sildenafil) - all nitrates
26
what nitrates is used to treat cyanide poisoning?
amyl nitrate
27
what nitrate is given IV or sub lingual for chest pain?
nitroglycerine
28
what nitrate is used to treat a hypertensive crisis?
sodium nitroprusside
29
what is the function of smooth ER?
detoxification and steroid synthesis
30
what is the function of rough ER?
makes proteins for packaging
31
what is the function of free ribosomes?
makes proteins for cytoplasm
32
what is the function of the lysosome?
degradation of waste
33
what is the function of golgi?
post-translational modifications of proteins
34
what is the function of mitochondria?
makes energy
35
what is the function of the nucleus?
contains genetic information
36
what is the function of the nucleolus?
produces ribosomal RNA
37
Damage to what orgenelles is irreversible?
- nucleus - mitochondria - lysosomes
38
what are 3 exceptions to the water-out, fat-in rule?
- channels - pores - transmembrane proteins
39
what is the RDA for fat/carb/protein?
30% fats 30% proteins 40% carbohydrates
40
what are the 7 functions of the cell membrane?
- provide structure - transport - active transport - heat/temp regulation - maintain gradient - depolarization - signal transduction
41
what is membrane transportation in a cell called?
phagocytosis
42
what is it called to bring something into a cell?
endocytosis
43
what is it called to put something outside the cell?
exocytosis
44
what is it called to bring something into a cell?
pinocytosis
45
what are the two things required for cellular transport?
ATP and actin
46
what is the most important substance endocytosed?
nutrition
47
what is the most important substance exocytosed?
waste
48
what is the most important waste product produced by cells?
lipofuscin (brown pigment)
49
what is the most important factor in the movement of particles?
cooncentration gradient
50
how do you concentrate any substance in the body?
with an ATPase
51
how does secondary active transport work?
going with a concentration gradiant using another substance's gradent
52
what is the most common gradient used for secondary active transport?
Na
53
what is true for all fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors?
they never have cellular membrane receptors because they readily cross the membrane.
54
where are fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors located?
in the nucleus (except for cortisol with a cytoplasmic receptor)
55
how do nuclear receptors work?
stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication, transcription, and translation into proteins by which they manifest their action
56
how do you differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?
by the proteins they make
57
what factors affect transportation of water-soluble compounds or hormones?
- size - charge - pH - surface area - membrane thickness - flux - relfection coefficient - Fick's law
58
how does ions cross membranes?
through channels
59
how do medium-size particles cross membranes?
pores
60
how do larger molecules cross membranes?
transport proteins
61
how does the body get rid of heat?
vasodilate
62
how does the body keep heat?
vasoconstrict
63
what is the most important substance that is transported through pores?
sweat (NaCl and water)
64
which hormone have cell membrane receptors?
non-steroid hormones
65
what are the most common extracellular cations/anions?
sodium and chloride
66
what organ uses the SER for detoxification?
kidneys
67
what organ uses SER for steroid synthesis?
liver
68
what is the form of proteins when they start off?
pre-pro-protein
69
which is the only protein modified in the rough ER?
collagen
70
where are all proteins except collagen modified?
golgi
71
what are the tissues with the most SER?
liver and kidney
72
what substance do lysosomes have a lot of?
acid hydrolases
73
what do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?
cause the pH to be very acidic
74
what is the structure formed when a lysosome phagocytoses something?
phagosome of phagolysosome
75
what component of tuberculosis prevents phagocytosis?
cord factor
76
what ion damages lysosomes by coating their surface?
calcium
77
what does damage to the lysosomes cause?
acid hydrolases leak out and damage the nuclease, particularly DNAse and RNAse
78
what is the most important primary active transport system?
gh

PP Clues (2 decks)

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