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PHYSIOLOGY > CELL PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

0
Q

classification of cells: ability to reproduce

A

labile
quiescent/stable
permanent/non dividing

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1
Q

classification of cells: presence of membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

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2
Q

substances that make up the cell

A

protoplasm

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3
Q

contains DNA, histones and chromosomes, has nucleolus

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis, lipid soluble substances, water soluble substances

A

agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

for synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

A

ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

for synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

free floating ribosomes

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8
Q

for packaging, molecular tagging and synthesis if hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

replenishes the cell membrane may contain proemzymes NTs

A

secretory vesicles

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10
Q

for reggression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cells

A

lysosomes

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11
Q

degrade membrane associated proteins not membrane bound

A

proteosome

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12
Q

contains oxidases catalases for detoxification

A

peroxisome

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13
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

site of transcription and processing of rRNA

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14
Q

the ETC is located in which part of the mitochondria

A

inner mitochondrial membrane (oxidative phosphorylation)

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15
Q

what is unique about the mitochondria

A

contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code

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16
Q

the RER and SER are abundant in which organ?

A

liver

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17
Q

what are the subunits of the ribosomes

A

prokaryotes: 30s, 50s
eukaryotes: 40s, 60s

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18
Q

what do you call the specialized SER in the skeletal muscle and specialized RER in the neuron

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum and nissl substance

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19
Q

the only substance modified in the RER and not the golgi apparatus

A

collagen

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20
Q

What is added to lysosome bound proteins in the golgi apparatus

A

mannose 6 phosphate

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21
Q

lysosomes and peroxisomes comes from which organelles

A

lysosomes: golgi apparatus
peroxisome: SER

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22
Q

wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosome

A

lipofuscin

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23
Q

actin/microfilaments

A 
microvilli
locomotion of macrophages
muscles
zonula adherens
zonula occludens
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24
Q

intermediate filaments

A

keratin
neurofilaments
desmosomes
hemideosomes

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25
Q

microtubules

A 
flagella
cilia
centrioles
mitotic spindle
intracellular vesicles
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26
Q

motor protein causing transport from center of the cell to the periphery

A

kinesin

“kumakalat”

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27
Q

motor protein causing transport from periphery of the cell to the center

A

Dynein

“dinadayo”

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28
Q

which anti-tumor drugs target the microtubules during mitosis?

A

Vincristine

Taxol

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29
Q

Disease with dynein missing in cilia and flagella

A

Kartageners syndrome or Immotile cilia syndrome

situs inversus
bronchiectasis
infertility

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30
Q

what is the explanation for the situs inversus in Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Defective primary cilia

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31
Q

amoeboid movement

A

WBCs
fibroblasts
germinal cells of the skin
fertilized embryo

32
Q

junctional complex:

disk shaped for firm intercellular adhesions

A

Macula adherens (desmosomes))

33
Q

site of macula adherens

A

epithelium

34
Q

junctional complex; ring shaped increases surface area for contact

A

Zonula adherens (fascia adherens)

35
Q

site of zonula adherens

A

intercalated disk of cardiac muscles

36
Q

junctional complex:

reticular pattern divides cell into apical and basolateral side

A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)

37
Q

site of leaky tight junctions

A

proximal convuluted tubule

jejunum

38
Q

site of tight tight junctions

A

collecting ducts
terminal colon
blood brain barrier

39
Q

junctional complex: for intercellular communication

A

Gap junctions

40
Q

site of gap junctions

A

cardiac and unitary smooth muscle

41
Q

What is the functional unit of gap junction?

A

Connexon

42
Q

What do you call the movement of substances in both the apical and basolateral side?

A

Transcellular transport

43
Q

What do you call the movement of substances between cells through tight junctions

A

Paracellular transport

44
Q

cell membrane components

A

proteins 55%
phospholipids 25%
cholesterol 13%
glycosylphospahtidylinositol

45
Q

protein that has a tighter attachment and spans the entire cell membrane

uses hydrophobic interactions

A

Integral proteins

46
Q

protein that loose attachment by using interactions

A

Peripheral proteins

47
Q

CM transporter: number or permeability can be modified

A

Water channels/aquaporins

48
Q

CM transporter; ion channels

A

Na
Ca
K
Cl

49
Q

cell drinking

for proteins: requires ATP and extracellular calcium

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

cell eating

usually by wBCs and macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

51
Q

predominant cation in the ECF

A

sodium

52
Q

predominant cation in the ICF

A

potassium

53
Q

predominant anion in the ICF

A

phosphate

54
Q

predominant anion in the ECF

A

chloride

55
Q

What is the principle of macroscopic electroneutrality

A

in each compartment total numbers of cations should equal total numbers of anions

56
Q

What is the basis for the saying where sodium goes water follows

A

90% of the solutes in the ECF is Na making it a reasonable indicator if osmolarity

57
Q

What are the various indicator molecules

A

TBW: deuterium oxide, antipyrine
ECF: inulin, mannitol
Plasma: I-labeled albumin 124

58
Q

osmoles per kilogram of water

independent of temperature

A

osmolality

59
Q

osmoles per liter of water

varies with temperature

A

osmolarity

60
Q

increases osmolar gap

A

alcohol intoxication

ethylene glycol poisoning

61
Q

uses impermeant solutes

can change cell volume

A

isotonic

hypertonic

62
Q

uses permeant solutes can change cell volume only transiently

A

isoosmotic
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic

63
Q

will attract water to itself

A

hypertonic solution

64
Q

will donate water to opposite compartment

A

hypotonic solution

65
Q

example of an impermeant solute

A

glucose effective osmole

66
Q

example of permeant solute

A

urea ineffective osmole

67
Q

effective osmole used in th treatment of brain edema

A

mannitol

68
Q

effect of permeant solutes on osmotic gradient

A

decreases osmotic gradient

69
Q

osmotic pressure from large molecules such as proteins

A

oncotic pressure

70
Q

weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled water

A

specific gravity

71
Q

Why is secondary active transport called as such

A

it indirectly relies on the Na-K-ATPase pump

72
Q

what are the characteristics of active transport

A

saturation: Tm occurs once all transporters are used
stereospecificity: recognizes D or L forms
competition: chemically related solutes may compete

73
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane

A

plasma membrane associated Ca ATPase (PMCA)

74
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum

A

ATPase (SERCA)

75
Q

function of the Na-K-ATPase pump

A

prevents cell swelling contributes to RMP

76
Q

functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

A

alpha subunit

77
Q

in all epithelial cells Na-K-ATPase pump is found in the basolateral side except

A

choroid plexus

78
Q

why do RBCs swell when chilled

A

decrease ATP synthesis –> decreasw activity of Na-K-ATPase pump

PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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