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RIBS > Cell phys. Vosco lecture 1 > Flashcards

Cell phys. Vosco lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Sodium- Potassium Pump:
• Maintains Na+ K+ concentration gradient
•Requires ATP
•___ Na+ out for __ K+ in
•Makes resting membrane potential more negative

A

3

2

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2
Q

Ions will flow until:
•______ _______ (equilibrium potential is
reached)
•There is a physical barrier that prevents ionic flow from continuing (______-gated channels)
• Nernst potential of potassium = -90
• Nernst potential of sodium = ____
• Nernst potential of chloride = -70

A

Nernst potential

voltage

60

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3
Q

____ dictates the resting potential of the cell

A

potassium

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4
Q

There are two types of postsynaptic responses to neurotransmitters released to the synapse

Graded responses
–EPSPs
•Mediated by \_\_\_\_ influx
–IPSPs
•Mediated by \_\_\_\_influx
•Action potential
– All-or-none
–Action potentials are the sum result of graded responses, but only to a certain point
A

Na+

Cl-

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5
Q

Ionotropic = ______-gated (faster)

A

ligand

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6
Q

Metabotropic binding = __-____ _____(slower)

  • Metabatropic is also known as:
    1. _______
    2. Muscarinic
A

G-protein coupled

GPCR

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7
Q

membrane potential = ___Mv

trigger zone = ______

A

-55

Hillock

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8
Q

voltage gated _____ channels open at -55Mv which work with voltage gated ________ channels causing an increase in sodium and decrease in potassium in the cell

A

sodium

potassium

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9
Q

the action potential has properties specific to the ion channels that carry it… so in the graph sodium channels open –> more sodium channels open –> sodium channels close and potassium channels open causing repolarization–> potassium channels close at about ___Mv

A

-70

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10
Q

voltage gated sodium channels = _____ ______ ______

Voltage gated potassium channels = ______ _______ ______

A

Absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

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11
Q
  • _________ is the term used to describe the degree to which ion channels are open for a given area on the cell membrane
  • __________ is the inverse of resistance
  • Increasing diameter increases the number of ion channels that can fit in an area and thus increase its conductance
A

Conductance

Conductance

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12
Q

______ conduction is when the current only enters through unmyelinated portions of the axon. i.e. ____ __ _____

A

Saltatory

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

•Vesicles are tied to the active zones by docking proteins, including ____ and synaptophysin
•When AP is generated toward the terminal
end of the axon, voltage gated ___ channels are opened
•Ca2+ causes actin to contract, brings vesicles forward to the membrane. Also, ca2+ activates ______, which causes expulsion of contents of vesicle into the cleft

A

actin

ca2+

calmodulin

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14
Q

A fixed amount of neurotransmitter is

released for each Action Potential; this is known as _____

A

quanta

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15
Q

• Amino acids
–Aspartate

–\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_—most prevalent excitatory NT
•Ionotropic (ie ligand-gated)
–AMPA— \_\_\_\_ influx
–Kainate
– NMDA—Requires depolarization, some Mg2+ and then Na+ and Ca2+ influx in addition to glutamate binding

•Metabotropic—big variation. Over 100 subtypes
–MGLURs

A

Glutamate

Na+

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16
Q

–GABA—most prevalent inhibitory NT
•Ionotropic
–_____ A—Cl-influx

A

GABA

faster

IPSPs

17
Q

Glycine— found all through the body. Synthesized form ______ via _______. Particularly active in spinal cord.

A

glucose

serine

18
Q

Glutamate and GABA are both recycled with help from ________

A

astrocytes

19
Q

Biogenic amines–Acetyl choline(Ach).
•All motoneurons on _____ muscle use Ach.

•Degraded by acetyl _________.

•______ (ionotropic)— skeletal muscle. Na+
and Ca2+ influx.
–More nicotonic in PNS

•________ (metabotropic).
–More muscarinic in CNS and smooth muscle

A

skeletal

cholinesterase

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

20
Q

–Dopamine
»D1 (Excitatory) and D2 (Inhibitory) receptors
** both of the above are ________

»GPCRs
»Two major areas are from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA)
»Substantia nigra is involved with basal ganglia circuit and loss of dopamine here is cause of ________ Disease
»VTA involved with both addiction and
schizophrenia

A

metabatrophic

Parkinson’s

21
Q

Monoamines–catecholamines
–Norepinephrine
»Produced in the _____ ______ in the pons
»All about arousal alertness and attention
»PNS sympathetic neurotransmitter
»2 alpha and 2 beta receptor
subtypes (both are _______)

-beta receptors can bind ______ pretty well

A

Locus Ceruleus

metabatrophic

epinepthrine

22
Q 
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( 5-HT)
–Related to depression, pain inhibition
–Raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
–At least 7 different receptor subtypes
–SSRIs
A

Serotonin

23
Q

electrical synapses are also known as ____ _______

-______ links 2 dendrites together

A

gap junctions

conexins

24
Q

Glia
• _______: glucose delivery, blood brain
barrier, inflammatory response, ATP release,
glutamate recycling

•___________: myelinate axons in the central nervous system

• Microglia: major immune response,
phagocytosis
** microglia is derived from ______

•Ependymal cells: help produce and move
____ through the brain

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

monocytes

CSF

25
Q

sensory system –> _______ –>change in energy

effectors= ______ and glands

A

transduction

muscles

26
Q

Peripheral fibers named according to myelination and axonal thickness

•“A”:myelinated sensory and motor fibers
–Alpha: LMNs
– Beta: Sensory receptors for light touch, pressure
–Gamma: Axons to intrafusal fibers
–\_\_\_\_\_\_: sharp pain, cold

•*In “A” fibers, the “A” is often omitted and only the greek letter is used to describe the subtype

•“B”:________ visceral fibers: preganglionic
autonomic

• “C”:Unmyelinated fibers: post ganglionic
autonomic, slow pain, heat, itch

these are arranged from fastest to slowest

A

Delta

myelinated

27
Q 
•I
–Ia: Muscle Spindles
–Ib: \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_
•II—Same as A-Beta or A-Gamma Fibers
•III— Same as A-Delta or B Fibers
•IV— Same as C Fibers

** arranged from fastest to slowest**

A

Golgi Tendon organs

28
Q

somatic motor neurons travel from the ventral horn to the motor end plate (neuromuscular junction) and ___acts on the effector which is _______ then theres contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Ach

nicotinic

29
Q

autonomic motor neurons travel from the lateral horn to an autonomic gagnglion where theres Ach then this travels to postganglionic neuron and works with ___ (muscarinic) and ___ (alpha or beta) then theres smooth muscle contraction or glandular secretion

A

Ach

NE

30
Q

receptor potentials =_____ and _____

Generator potentials = action potential specific to receptor terminals

A

EPSP

IPSP

31
Q
  • Nicotinic receptors between Pre and post ganglionic
  • Muscarinic are on all ______ cells
  • Sweat glands are exception to the NE-Ach rule
A

effector

32
Q

______ are the individual contractile fibers of the muscle

A

Sarcomeres

33
Q
  • Part of myofibril, between two Z Discs
  • Z DISC or Z lines= filamentous proteins, borders of sarcomere
  • I bands= ONLY ____ filaments
  • A bands= all of myosin filaments and portion of _____ overlap
  • H zone= ONLY ______, no actin overlap (disappears during contraction)
A

ACTIN

actin

MYOSIN

34
Q

Binding of _____ to troponin moves tropomyosin, exposes myosin binding site on actin. this is known as _____-_____ coupling.

A

Ca2+

excitation-contraction

35
Q

in the ear; the intracellular ions are ______ and the extracellular ions are _______

A

sodium

potassium

36
Q

______ tells up and down direction and the ______ relates side to side acceleration

A

sacule

utricle

RIBS (4 decks)

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