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Clinical Medicine > CEll Phys > Flashcards

CEll Phys Flashcards

1
Q

lysosome

A

digestive

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2
Q

mitochondria

A

energy, aerobic metabolism

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3
Q

ER

A

transport/synthesis or proteins and lipids, can be smooth or rough

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4
Q

GA

A

package and transport, recieves proteins from the ER and packages and transports them, can modify them if needed

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5
Q

histones

A

proteins that packages and organizes DNA into chromosomes

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6
Q

microtubules

A

will help with mobility/motility, so therefor if decreased motility or mobility to bring something in then it is the microtubule that is effected, helps clears things or helps bring things in

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7
Q

inclusions

A

store fats

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8
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

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9
Q

cytoplasm

A 
aqueous solution between plasmalemma & nucleus
        contains-interconnected filaments and fibers, fluid (cytosol)
            and organelles (not nucleus)
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10
Q

What are four things found in the cytoplasm

A
  1. inclusions
  2. microtubules
  3. free ribosomes
  4. anaerobic metabolism
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11
Q

what are four facts about the plasma membrane

A
  1. bilayer
  2. hydrophillic head, hydrophobic tail
  3. lipid soluble
  4. big, water soluble, and ions need additional help (facillitated defusion)
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12
Q

transmembrane

A

both sides through the membrane

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13
Q

integral

A

within the membrane, communicates with the ECM; CAM

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14
Q

glycoproteins

A

used for ID

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15
Q

glycocaylx

A

it is a cell to cell adhesion, cell to cell communicator, house tissue transplant antigens

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16
Q

periphreal proteins

A

away from membrane (inside or outside), only attach to membrane when needed

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17
Q

cadherins

A

CAM, ca dependent

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18
Q

selectin

A

carbohydrate dependent

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19
Q

paracrine

A

communicate to adjacent cell

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20
Q

endocrine

A

communicate distally through blood

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21
Q

autocrine

A

communicate with self

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22
Q

ligand receptors respond to

A

hormone/NT

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23
Q

G protein

A

slow cascade intracellularly

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24
Q

voltage (ion) channel

A

change in electrical charge

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25
Q

catalytic enzyme channel

A

kinase cascade

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26
Q

passive diffusion, what about na and K?

A

H-L, lipid soluble, sodium in and K out

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27
Q

active transport [] movement

A

L->H, pumped

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28
Q

facilitated diffusion, what needs this?

A

larger, water soluble, glucose, big proteins

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29
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular engulf to move in

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30
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicular engulf to move out

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31
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf solid

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32
Q

pinocytosis

A

engulf fluid

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33
Q

where does the most immediate ATP production come from?

A

in cytoplasm, anaerobic, ATP generation

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34
Q

phosphocreatine

A

ctyoplasm, anaerobic

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35
Q

glycolysis

A

cytoplasm, anaerobic
without O2->lactic acid

glucose to pyruvate

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36
Q

KCAC

A

in mitochondria, aerobic

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37
Q

ETC

A

in mitochondria, final acceptor, cashes in NADH for ATP, aerobic

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38
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous tissue

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39
Q

endoderm

A

epithelia lining of GI tract/respiratroy

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40
Q

mesoderm

A

connective tissue

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41
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer

-covers external surfaces, internal surfaces, form glands

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42
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers

protection, lines mouth, tongue, espophagus, vagina

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43
Q

transitional

A

changes permits stretching, lines urinary bladder

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44
Q

glandular tissue

A

specialized exocrine and endocrine

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45
Q

connective tissue

A

bind tissues and organs

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46
Q

skeletal muslce

A

striated, multinucleated

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47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, intercalated disc,uninucleated

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48
Q

smooth muscle

A

non striated, uninucleated, no troponin-calmodulin

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49
Q

astrocytes

A

structure

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50
Q

ependymal cells

A

CSF

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51
Q

microglia cells

A

phagocytic

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52
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase cell size and then organ size

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53
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

Ex: brain size decreasing with age, uterus decreasing size with childbirth

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54
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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55
Q

compensatory hyertrophy and hyperplasia

A

when tissue tries to regenerate after injury and tissue loss

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56
Q

metaplasia

A

different cell type replaces old post injury, replacing cell is less differentiated or functional than the original cell

57
Q

dysplasia

A

not true adaptation, precancerous change in cell

Ex: if you smoke all your life and then you replace the cell with a cancerous cell

58
Q

hypertrophic

A

post injury acculmulation of Ca- bone spur

59
Q

dystrophic

A

post necrosis- dead tissue replaced by CA

60
Q

metastatic, as seen in hyperparathyroidism

A

calcium is high and needs to deposit somewhere, anywhere

61
Q

obstructive accumulation

A

ducts get obstructed causing accumulations

62
Q

exogenous acccumulation

A

from outside environment, trapped inside coal mine, dust to lungs

63
Q

explain 2 types of things that can cause cell injury

A
  1. physical
  2. radiation
  3. chemical
64
Q

hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen, most common cause of cell injury

65
Q

senescence in cells

A

loss of a cell’s power of division and growth

66
Q

Telomerases

A

resistant to cell death, persistent telomerases activity, repair the dna allowing it to live longer

67
Q

free radical

A

an uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron.

68
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death, we need it, clears out cells to bring more in, checks and balances system

69
Q

necrosis

A

cell death that is bad

70
Q

Werners syndrome

A

rapid appearance of aging after puberty, WRN gene that produces Werner protein is mutated and so it can’t repair DNA and replication of dna for cell division so they break down faster

71
Q

progeria

A

PREPUBERTY accelerated aging in children due to LMNA which makes LAM A protein that causes deterioration of the nucleur envelope, usually die from cardiovascular disease by 14, prepuberty

72
Q

proliferate

A

grow or replicate

73
Q

differentiate

A

to gain specialized function

74
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into three germ layers embryonic

75
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

give rise to a family of cells, hematiopietic stem cells can become monocytes, lymphocytes ect but not bone cells (non blood cells)

76
Q

unipotent stem cells

A

produce only one type of cell but retain the property of self renewal

77
Q

adult stem cells

A

in tissues and bone marrow that can produce multiple lineages

78
Q

what are the 4 properties of a stem cell?

A
  1. assymetric
  2. self renewal
  3. have various potentials
  4. growth factor dependent
79
Q

Order of cell replication and checkpoints

A 
G0
G1
G1/S checkpoint:  monitiors for damaged DNA in chromosomes
S
G2
G2/M checkpoint:  prevents entry into mitosis if replication isn’t complete
Mitosis
cytokinesis
80
Q

explain the function of the G0 phase and cancer cells

A

rest point, cells leave but come back, however, cancer cells rarely leave

81
Q

what triggers the cell cycle

A

growth factors

82
Q

what makes up granulation tissue?

A

fibroblasts, angiogenisis, and collagen

83
Q

function of myofibroblasts

A

appear to help a wound contraction to bring both sides of the wound together to regenerate epithelium, healing via scar

84
Q

fibroblasts

A

lay down the new ECM/collagen, which results in the formation of a FIBROUS or scar

85
Q

why is ECM important?

A

regeneration and controlling proliferation

86
Q

angiogensis

A

new blood vessel formation, stimulated by angiogenic growth factors

87
Q

what are the general phases of repair?

A
  1. inflammation via neutrophils and phagocytes
  2. granulation via angiogenisis and fibroblasts
  3. remodeling
88
Q

primary vs first is dependent on

A

amount of tissue loss

89
Q

primary

A

little tissue loss, clean cut like papercut

90
Q

secondary

A

larger tissue loss, no clean boundaries

91
Q

dehescence

A

suture rupture, usually seen in obesity

92
Q

hemmorage

A

forces more apoptosis therefor healing takes longer

93
Q

infection

A

hemmorage leads to more blood, so more potential for infection

94
Q

nutrition

A

need glucose for WBC to work and clean up, poor collagen production if not well nourished

95
Q

too much collagen forms

A

keloids, collagenous bands

96
Q

too little collagen is usually caused from

A

to little protein in the diet

97
Q

hypovolemia

A

decrease in blood volume leads to vasconstriction when you need vasodilation the most

98
Q

age

A

less angiogenisis causing hypoxia, less elasticitiy, slower fibroblast reaction

99
Q

what is the primary site for malignancy or ability to spread?

A

skin

100
Q

neoplasia
=plasia cell increase
=neo=nooooo

A

abnormal growth of new cells and or abnormal growth of abnormal cells

  1. when stimuli is gone and keep proliferating
  2. regulation of cell mechanism no longer function
101
Q

hyperplasia
plasia=cell increase
hyper=want to please

A
  1. Normal response or adaptation of stimuli
    2.regulated to enable adaptation
    stimuli disappears and usually stops, if not abnormality in regulation
  2. callus formation

increase in NORMAL cells

102
Q

benign

A

well-differentiated cells that resemble the normal tissue in structure and function
grows slowly
low mitotic rate
well differentiated
not invasive, does not metastasize, remain localized
not cancer

103
Q

malignant

A

rapid growth
high mitotic rate
not encapsulated, poor boundaries
invade other tissues and structures, spreads via blood vessels and lymph
poorly differentiated or undifferentiated

104
Q

carinoma

A

epithelia

105
Q

adeno

A

glandular

106
Q

sarcoma

A

muscular

107
Q

autonomy

A

proliferate in the absence of growth factors, do it on their own

108
Q

autocrine example protein

A

GF to own cell, RAS SIGNALING PROTEIN

109
Q

immortal because of the

A

telomerase

110
Q

anchor independent

A

doesn’t care if something keeps touching it, it keeps growing

111
Q

density independent

A

keeps growing even though full

112
Q

anaplastic

A

without differentiation

113
Q

cancer cells are…

A

NOT STICKY, makes them slippery so they can spread

114
Q

6 phases of cancer

A
  1. in situ
  2. invade locally by busting through the basement membrane of the ECM or cell membrane
  3. spread via blood or lymph
  4. get lodged
  5. leave to new tissue
  6. repeat starting with angiogenisis
115
Q

what is the most common reported symptom of cancer

A

fatigue

116
Q

what are some symptoms of cancer

A 
pain
fatigue
cachexia
anemia
infection 
leukopenia
117
Q

cachexia

A

anorexia, loss of appetite, muscle wasting, loss of weight associated with cancer patients

118
Q

what are the early detection methods for cancer and which cancer is there no early detection methods for?

A

observation, palpation, lab tests (papsmears, biopsies, MRI, US, endoscopic examinations)

PANCREATIC CANCERS NO METHOD OF EARLY DETECTION OR SCREENING

119
Q

grading measures….

A

cancer cell level of differentiation

120
Q

scaling measures….

A

size or extent of invasion of original tumor

121
Q

explain the differences between grading and scaling

A

GX: grade cannot be assessed (undetermined grade)
G1: well differentiated (low grade)-appear close to normal, tend to grow/spread slowly
G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3: poorly differentiated (high grade)-do not look like normal cells, grow rapidly and spread faster
G4: undifferentiated (high grade)- do not look like normal cells, grow rapidly and spread faster
THERE ARE CANCER SPECIFIC GRADING SCALES

122
Q

TNM staging created by the WHO

A

T-tumor spread
N-level of node involvement
M-presence of distal metasticies

123
Q

oncogenes are stimulated by _____, and supressed by _______

A

oncogenes are stimulated by proto-oncogenes and supressed by tumor supressors (anti-oncogenes)

124
Q

p53

A

usually allows apoptosis by interfering with G1, however, if mutation here in cancer apoptosis is disabled

125
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressing gene, if there is a mutation here then the tumor suppression no longer works and cancer is able to spread

126
Q

chemotherapy

A

limit cell proliferation through chemotoxins

127
Q

radiation

A

limit cell proliferation through attacking DNA replication

128
Q

hormones

A

limit cell proliferation through blocking hormones that help with growth

129
Q

surgery

A

limit tumor by removing before vascularization can continue to spread

130
Q

immunotherapy

A

pumps up the immune response to fight it off

131
Q

targeted

A

disrupts antiogenisis, signal pathways for GFs, stimulate immune response

132
Q

cell death that interferes without regeneration

A

necrosis

133
Q

what is the number one cause of death in children

A

cancer

134
Q

what is the most common in the first two years of life?

A

embryonic tumors like neuroblastomas

135
Q

what is the most common from 2-5 years old

A

acute lymphocytic peak

136
Q

wilms tumor nephroblastoma

A

starts in one kidney, ages 3-4, not over 6

137
Q

what is the most common childhood cancer

A

leukemia

138
Q

neoblastoma

A

occurs in the nerve cells of embryo or developing fetus seen in INFANTS!

Clinical Medicine (3 decks)

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