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Grade 12 Biochemistry > Cell Parts > Flashcards

Cell Parts Flashcards

1
Q

Overview: fundamentals of cells

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • the cell is the simplist colle4ction of matter that can be alive
  • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Why do we use microscopes

A

Scientist use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye

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3
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A
  • Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
  • LMs can magnify about 1000 times the size of the specimen
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4
Q

What can and cant you see through a LM?

A
  • Can see: Can see: nucleus, chloroplasts, maybe mitochondria
  • Can’t see: Most subcellular structures, including organelles
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5
Q

Electron Microscope (EM)

A
  • Used to study subcelluolar structures
  • Scanning Electron microscopes
  • Transmission electron microscopes
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6
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen providing imagines that look 3-D
  • Outer view
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7
Q

Transmission Electron microscope (TEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
  • Used to study the internal structure of cells
  • Do this by slicing what you are looking at
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8
Q

Cell Fractionantion

A

Takes a cell apart and seperates the major organelles from one another

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9
Q

Whats a centrifuge?

A

Fractionate cells into their component parts so scientists can determine the functions of organelles

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10
Q

Basics of ALL cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • semifluid called cytosol
  • Chromosomes (carries genes)
  • Ribosomes (makes protiens)
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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • No nucleus
  • DNA is an unbound region called the nucleoid
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm bound by the plasme membrane
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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm is the region between the plasme membrane and nucleus
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13
Q

Plasme membrane (cell membrane)

A
  • Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste
  • General structure is a phospholipid bilayer
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14
Q

Wheer is the eurkaryotic cells genertic instruction housed?

A

In the nucleus and carreid out by ribosomes

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15
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Contains most of the cell’s genes
  • usually the most conspicuous organelle
  • Information central
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16
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • Encloses the nucleus
  • Seperates it from the cytosol
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17
Q

Nuclear lamina

A
  • Maintains the shape of the nucleus
  • Composed of protiens
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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

Discrete unites DNA is organized into

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and protiens of chromosomes together

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located within the nucleus and is the site of robosomal RNA synthesis

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Protien factories
  • PArticles made of ribosomal RNA and protien
  • Carry out protien sythesis in two locations; the cytosol, or on the outside of the endoplasmic recticulum or nuclear envelope
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22
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • Regulates protiens traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
  • The components of the endomembrane system are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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23
Q

Components of the endomembrane system

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plamsa membrane
24
Q

Endoplasmic Recticulum

A
  • Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.
  • ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • Two distinct regions; Smooth ER and Rough ER
25
Q

The smooth ER

A
  • synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • Detoxidies drugs and poisons
  • Stores calcium ion
  • No protien functions because no ribosomes
26
Q

The Rough ER

A
  • Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoprotiens
  • Distributes transport vesicles, protiens surrounded by membranes
  • Is a membrane factory for the cell
27
Q

What is a glycoprotien

A

Protiens covalently bonded to carbohydrates

28
Q

The Golgi apparatus/bodies

A
  • consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
29
Q

Functions of the golgi apparatus

A
  • Modifies products of the ER
  • Manufactures certain macromolecules
  • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes tthat can digest macromolecules
  • Use enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules; autophagy
31
Q

Lysosomal enzymes

A
  • Hydrolyze protiens, fats, polysaccarides, and nucleic acid
  • Work best in acid environments inside the lysosome.
32
Q

Phagoctosis

A
  • When a type of cell englufs another cell thus forming a food vacuole
  • A lysosomes fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
33
Q

Vacuoles

A

A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several vacuoles, amde from endoplasmic recticulum and Golgi apparatus

34
Q

Types of vacuoles

A

Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuoles

35
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Fromed by phagocytosis

36
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A
  • Found in many freshwater protist
  • Pump extra water out of cells
37
Q

Central vacuoles

A
  • Found in many mature plant cells
  • hold organic compounds and water
38
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Sites of cellular respiration
  • In nearly all eukaryotes
  • Smooth outer membrane and an innder membrane folded itno cristae
39
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Found in plants and algae
  • sites of photosynthesis
  • Contain green pigments chlorophyll as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
  • one of a group of organelles called plastids
40
Q

Evolutionary similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A
  • mitochondra and chloroplasts are similar to bactera
  • Both are enveloped by a double membrane
  • Contain free ribosomes and cirular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce womewhat independently in cells
41
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A
  • An early ancector of eukaryotic cells engulfed a non pohotosynthetic prokaryotic cell which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host.
  • The host cell and andosymbiont merged into a single organism (eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion)
42
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A
  • Is the inner membrane creates two compartments, mitochondrial matrix and intermembrance space.
  • Some metabolic steps of cellular respriation are catalyzed here
43
Q

Cristae

A

Present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

44
Q

Structures of chloroplasts

A

Thylakoids and Stroma

45
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum

46
Q

Stroma

A

Internal fluid

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
  • produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
  • Help perform reactions with many different functions
48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Helps to support the cell and maintain its shape
  • Interacts with motor protiens to produce motility
  • Organzies cells structures and activitites
  • Anchors many organelles
49
Q

3 main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubuals, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

50
Q

Microtubuals

A
  • Thickest out of the three
  • hallow rods
  • 25mm in diameter
51
Q

Functions of microtubules

A
  • shaping the cell
  • guiding movement of organelles
  • Seperating chromosomes during cell division
52
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Also called actin filaments
  • Thinest
  • solid rods about 7nm in diameter
  • built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
53
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • Diameter in a middle range
  • 1-12 nm in diameter
  • solid with many strands
54
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Microtubulas grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus
  • Known as a microtubule-organzing center
55
Q

Centriole

A

In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

56
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Microtubules control the beating of cilia and flagella

57
Q

Common structures cilia and flagella share

A
  • A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane
  • A Basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
  • A motor protien called dynein, which drived the bending movements

Grade 12 Biochemistry (5 decks)

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