Cell Organelles (chap1) Flashcards
What is the power house of the cell
Mitochondria
Explain the structure of mitochondria
The mitochondria is a cell organelle which is shaped like a sausage and is double membraned.
The outer membrane is smooth and permeable, allowing passage of molecules.
The inner membrane is folded into shelves called cristae which increases the surface area for energy production and the inter-membrane space separates the two membranes.
The mitochondrial matrix which is surrounded by the inner membrane, contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, enzymes for energy production
What does mitochondria do when extra energy is required
Mitochondria are self replicative and produced in large numbers whenever extra energy is required
Where is mitochondria inherited from
Mitochondria comes almost entirely from ovum so it is mostly inherited from the mother ( maternal inheritance)
What is the function of mitochondria
The mitochondria converts food products into co2 and water by citric acid cycle( also known as kerbs cycle)
The energy liberated during this process is then used for the synthesis of ATP and is transported to the region where energy is required
Why is the rate of mutation of mitochondrial DNA much higher than nuclear DNA and what r the examples of the disease caused by the mutation
The rate of mutation is higher than nuclear DNA in mitochondria DNA due to the inefficient DNA repair system present in mitochondria.
Thereby causing various mitochondrial diseases such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, visual impairment, hearing problems, susceptibility to infections, cardiac and respiratory diseases
How is ATP produced in mitochondria
Here’s the entire process from glucose breakdown to ATP production:
Glycolysis
1. Glucose (blood sugar) enters the cell.
2. Glucose breaks down into pyruvate.
3. Pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle
1. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
2. Energy-rich molecules (NADH, FADH2) produced.
3. Carbon dioxide released.
Electron Transport Chain
1. NADH, FADH2 transfer electrons.
2. Electrons energize protons.
3. Protons pumped across mitochondrial membrane.
ATP Synthesis
1. Protons flow back through ATP synthase.
(As the protons accumulate in the inter-membrane space creates a high concentration gradient causing protons to flow back to the matrix)
2. ATP synthase produces ATP.
3. ATP released into the cell.
Shot not on ER
The endoplasmic reticular is a network of tubules and flattened vesicle that interconnects with each other.
The region between tubules and vesicles are full with fluid called endoplasmic matrix
The surface of endoplasmic reticular is quite large as it is 30 - 40 times larger than the cell membrane
There are two types of er
1.Rough endoplasmic reticular
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticular
The difference between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum have granular structures called ribosomes on it’s outer surface while smooth endoplasmic reticulum don’t
Where r rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum’s functions and where r they found
Rough ER helps in the synthesis of proteins and are well developed in cells which are actively involved in protein synthesis such as
. Nissl granules of neurons
. Acinar cells of pancreas
Smooth ER helps in the synthesis of lipid, drug degradation, glycogen metabolism and control of calcium concentration
It is found in abundance in
. Leydig cells of testis
. Adrenal cortex cells
Also found in skeleton and cardiac muscle but are modified to form sarcoma plasmic reticulum
