Cell Organelles

Question 1

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

• have nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• multicellular organisms (animals, plant, fungi)

Question 2

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

• no nucleus
• no membrane-bound organelles
• unicellular organisms (eubacteria and archaebacteria)

Question 3

Function of cells

Answer 3

• make proteins
• make more cells for growth and repair damages cells
• make energy

Question 4

Cell surface membrane

Answer 4

• hydrophillic and polar head
• hydrophobic and non-polar tail
• controls what goes in and out if the cell
• receives signals from other cells
• composed of lipids and proteins

Question 5

Structure of cell membrane

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

Jelly-like substance which holds the organelles in place

Question 7

Vacuoles and vesicles

Answer 7

• food and water storage
• cell transportation

Question 8

Structure of vacuoles and vesicles

Answer 8

Membrane sac

Question 9

Different types of vacuole

Answer 9

Plant: central permanent vacuole
Animal: food vacuole
Protist: contractile vacuole

Question 10

Tonoplast

Answer 10

• membrane surrounding central vacuole
• semipermeable
• regulates turgor pressure inside vacuoles
• fluid content in vacuole: cell sap

Question 11

Lysosome

Answer 11

• digest food
• clean up and recycle broken organelles

Question 12

Structure of lysosome

Answer 12

• membrane sac
• spherical vesicles
• hydrolitic enzymes

Question 13

Where is lysosome produced

Answer 13

Golgi apparatus or rough er

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

• make atp energy from cellular respiration
• 70s ribosome
• circular DNA
• found in plant and animal cell

Question 15

Structure of mitochondria

Answer 15

Double membrane

Question 16

Chloroplast

Answer 16

• plant cell only
• contains chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments
• 70s ribosomes
• circular dna

Question 17

Structure of chloroplast

Answer 17

• inner membrane: forms lamellae/thylakoids
• outer membrane: forms continuous boundary
• thylakoids: fluid-filledsacs
• grana: thylakoids stacked up together
• stroma: fluid outside thylakoid

Question 18

Chloroplost us the site for photosynthesis, explain more about it

Answer 18

1) light-dependent stage: in thylakoids and split H2O
2) light-indenpendent stage (Calvin Cycle): in stroma and converts co2 to sugar

Question 19

Cell wall

Answer 19

Structural layer surrounding cells outside of cell membrane
- strength and protection
- structure and support
- filters what comes in and out of cell
- storage and regulates growth

Question 20

Plasmodemata

Answer 20

Cytoplasmic connections between cells
- transport, communication and signalling between cells
- apoplastic pathway: through cell walla
- symplastic pathway: through cytoplasm

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

• control center of cell
• protects DNA

Question 22

Structure of nucleus

Answer 22

• nuclear envelope (seperates nucleus from other cells)
• nucleolus (produces ribosomes)
• chromosomes (contains DNA)

Question 23

Ribosomes

Answer 23

• protein synthesis
• read instructions to build protein from DNA

Question 24

Structure of ribosomes

Answer 24

• some free in cytoplasm
• some attached to er

Question 25

2 types of ribosomes

Answer 25

1) 70s (found in prokayotes 2) 80s (found in eukaryotes, er)

Question 26

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

- help complete protein after ribosomes build them - make membrane

Question 27

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

1) rough er: ribosomes attached, work on proteins, produces vesicles 2) smooth er: makes membranes, lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Question 28

Golgi apparatus

Answer 28

- finishes, sorts, labels, and ships proteins in vesicles

Question 29

Structure of golgi apparatus

Answer 29

- membrane sacs

Question 30

Centrioles

Answer 30

- help coordinate cell division - only animal cell - formation of cillia and flagella

Question 31

Structure of centrioles

Answer 31

One pair in each cell

Question 32

Microtubules

Answer 32

- eukaryotic cells - composed of protein tubulin - plays huge role in movement within cell - nucleic and cell division - organization of intracellular structures - intracellular transport - ciliary - flagellar motility

Question 33

Difference between cilia and flagella

Answer 33

Cillia has lots of small hair-like structure, while flagella has a long hair structure

Question 34

Single membrane organelles

Answer 34

- golgi body - er - lysosome - vacuoles

Question 35

Double membrane organelles

Answer 35

- nucleus - mitochondria - chloroplast

Question 36

Virus

Answer 36

- non-cellular

Question 37

Structure of virus

Answer 37

- nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) - capsid made of protein - outer envelope made of phospholipids