Cell Organelles Flashcards
This material has been synthesized by the cell and secreted into the area just outside the cell membrane. Only found in animal cells.
The main component is glycoproteins. collagen in the most prevalent glycoprotein.
This elaborate layer helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane
Extracellular Matrix
Produced via pinching off of the ER or GA membrane.
Acts as a transport vehicle for molecules. Upon arrival at destination, fuses with the cell membrane and internal molecules are deposited inside.
Part of the EMS
Sometimes, many vesicles will fuse to produce a vacuole (animal cells)
Vesicles
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Products move between ER and GA via vesicles.
Products enter the GA on one side and leave on the opposite side.
Destination after GA: use within the cell, transport to the cell membrane or secretion out of cell
Golgi Apparatus (part of the EMS)
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.
Bilayer membrane is continuous within the RER and the nuclear membrane. Located on the cytoplasm side of the RER.
Site of lipid production, including lipids found in membranes, and steroid hormones. In certain cells, it is a storehouse for calcium ions.
Medicines and poisons are broken down in the SER
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (part of the EMS)
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded on the outside. The ribosomes manufacture proteins.
It is part of the endo-membrane system (EMS) and its bilayer membrane extends out of the nuclear membrane.
The proteins will be transported to the golgi apparatus via vesicles or kept within its structure for use there
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists.
It protects the cell and helps maintain cell shape.
Cell Wall
AN organelle found in plants and algae that absorb light energy and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and water.
Main role is energy conversion (light energy to chemical energy)
This organelle has two bilayer phospholipid membranes
Chloroplasts
An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. It is enclosed by TWO bilayer membranes and it is where energy in sugars is converted to another type of chemical energy that can be used to do work in the cell. This energy molecule is called ATP
Mitochondria
In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and storage of chemicals and wastes.
There are much smaller vacuoles found in animal cells
Central Vacuole
A non-membrane bound organelle consisting of 2 subunits.
Compromised mostly of RNA and protein
Major role in protein production
Located as free-floating units in the nuclear and cell cytoplasm and embedded into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes- animal cell
This organelle is found only in animal cells
The site where microtubules originate during cell division.
The microtubules have a critical role in moving chromosomes to the poles of the cell in preparation for cell division.
This organelle has two centrioles and it is from the centrioles that the microtubules emanate from
Centrosome with pair of centrioles
A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Roles: digest engulfed food particles, role in defense (attacks foreign substances like bacteria), role in recycling molecules from old or damaged organelles
Part of EMS
Lysosomes
The bilayer membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell.
Consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell Membrane
The thickest of the 3 main types of cytoskeleton fibers found in eukaryotic cells.
These are hollow tubes made of globular proteins called tubulin.
Can be disassembled and reassembled by removing or adding tubulin.
Roles in cell shape.
Roles in moving organelles and chromosomes (uses as a track system)
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.
This type of fiber have roles in maintaining cell shape and anchoring organelles in place within the cells cytosol.
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filament
The thinnest of the 3 main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell. It is a solid, rod-shapes, and composed of globular protein called actin.
Located in fibrous strands just below the plasma membrane
Roles in cell shape and movement (many found in muscle and skin tissue)
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments
Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen.
This creates hydrogen peroxide which the enzymes in peroxisome then degraded to a non-toxic substance
The purpose is to remove damaging molecules that would harm other parts of the cell. Prevalent in liver and kidney molecules.
NOT part of the EMS but does have a phospholipid bilayer membrane
Peroxisomes
Encloses the nucleus in a double membrane with passageways called pores. The pores regulate what molecules enter and leave the nucleus.
The endoplasmic reticulum is an out-folding of outer membrane of this structure.
Each membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with associated proteins.
Part of the EMS
Nuclear Envelope with pores
The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes (made of chromatin)
Referred to as the control center of the cell as it contains all of the directions to create new cells and run them.
DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus.
There are nuclear pores or channels on the nuclear envelope (another bilayer membrane)
Nucleus
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
When the cell is not dividing, the chromatin appears then and stringy.
When a cell is about to divide, the chromatin condenses to the more familiar chromosomal shape
Chromatin
A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.
Two subunits are put together - this is a ribosome
Nucleolus
This is material that has been synthesized by the cell and secreted into the area just outside the cell membrane.
Only found in animal cells.
The main component is glycoproteins. Collagen is the most prevalent glycoprotein.
This elaborate layer helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane
Extracellular Matrix
