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Biology Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science can prove anything, solve any problem, or answer any question. True or False

A

False

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2
Q

Different scientists may get different solutions to the same problem. True or False

A

True

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3
Q

Science is primarily concerned with understanding how the natural world works. True or False

A

True

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4
Q

Scientific theories explain scientific laws. True or False

A

False

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5
Q

Scientific hypotheses become theories and finally, with more evidence, become laws. True or False

A

False

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6
Q

Scientists have solved most of the major mysteries of nature. True or False

A

False

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7
Q

Science can study things and events that happened in the past, even if there was no one there to observe the event. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

Valid scientific laws are more valuable then valid scientific theories. True or False

A

False

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9
Q

Scientists often try to disprove their own ideas. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Theories and laws are different kinds of scientific knowledge. True or False

A

True

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11
Q

Any research based on logic and reasoning is scientific. True or False

A

False

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12
Q

In biology, evolution is only theory and, as a result, it requires more evidence in order for it to be fully supported. True or False

A

False

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13
Q

In science, a scientific theory is an explanation for many hypotheses and observations. True or False

A

Can be both true and false

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14
Q

A scientific law is a description of a generalized pattern or observation in nature. It does not explain how something works. True or False

A

False

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15
Q

Something that is “proven scientifically” is considered by scientists as being a fact, and therefore no longer subject to change. True or False

A

False

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16
Q

Science does not require creative thought. True or False

A

False

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17
Q

A basic statement established by experiment or observation. All facts are true under specific conditions. Some facts may be false when re-tested with better instruments.

A

Fact

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18
Q

A logical relationship between two or more things that is based on a variety of facts and proven hypothesis. It is often a mathematical statement of how two or more quantities relate to each other

A

Law

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19
Q

A tentative statement such as “if A happens then B must happen” that can be tested by a direct experiment or observation

A

Hypothesis

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20
Q

An explanation for why certain laws and facts exist that can be tested to determine its accuracy

A

Theory

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21
Q

A statement that is not scientifically provable in the same way as facts, laws, hypotheses or theories

A

Belief

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22
Q

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. T, H, F, L, or B

A

L

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23
Q

F=ma. T, H, F, L, or B

A

L

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24
Q

Water freezes at 32 degrees F. T, H, F, L, or B

A

F

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25
Q

The earth is a sphere. T, H, F, L, or B

A

F

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26
Q

The universe is expanding. T, H, F, L, or B

A

F

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27
Q

Humans were created separately from all other life on earth. T, H, F, L, or B

A

B

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28
Q

Light is an electromagnetic phenomenon described by Maxwell’s Laws. T, H, F, L, or B

A

T

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29
Q

The sun will die in 7.5 billion years. T, H, F, L, or B

A

H

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30
Q

In the ocean surrounding Antarctica, there are fish that survive the cold water by using a molecule made of glycoproteins that circulate through the blood and keeps it from freezing. Certain kinds of worms that live in the Arctic also make antifreeze proteins that help them live in icy water. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Convergent

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31
Q

A kit fox lives in the desert and has large ears with a greater surface area that keeps the fox from getting overheated. The red fox lives in the forest, where it is cooler and has small ears. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Divergent

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32
Q

Two lizard species evolved via natural selection from a common ancestor. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Divergent

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33
Q

Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flippers for moving in water even though they belong in different classes of animals. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Convergent

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34
Q

Galápagos tortoises share a common ancestor, but have necks of different lengths to reach plants on the islands they live. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Divergent

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35
Q

This type of evolution is supported by DNA analysis and results in organisms with different ancestors becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments. Divergent or Convergent Evolution

A

Convergent

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36
Q

List the scientific disciplines that provide supporting evidence of evolution

A

Anatomy, breeding selection, biogeography, fossils, direct observation

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37
Q

An allele is to a gene as a gene is to a…

A

chromosome

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38
Q

An adaptation is the result of natural selection. It is a feature that enhances the survival of any individual with that adaptation as part of their phenotype. True or False

A

True

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39
Q

Homologous structures are not inherited from a shared common ancestor. True or False

A

True

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40
Q

Convergent evolution occurs when two species exhibit similar phenotypes but are not related to each other. True or False

A

True

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41
Q

Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals. True or False

A

True

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42
Q

Hippo fossils have been found on the island of Madagascar. Biogeography does not explain how hippos got to this island. True or False

A

False

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43
Q

All populations tend to have a phenotypic variation for a particular trait. True or False

A

True

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44
Q

The smallest unit that can experience evolution

A

An individual

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45
Q

Evolution can be defined as a genetic change in a population via natural selection. True or False

A

False

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46
Q

The goal of evolution is to improve a species chance of surviving over long periods of time. True or false

A

True

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47
Q

An adaptation is a process that improves a species over many generations. True or False

A

True

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48
Q

An adaptation is a heritable trait that improves an individual’s chances of survival and reproduction. True or False

A

True

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49
Q

Natural selection occurs at the level of the population. True or False

A

False

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50
Q

Evolution occurs at the level of the individual. True or False

A

False

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51
Q

Mutation is the source of all genetic variability. True or False

A

True

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52
Q

Natural selection results in both divergent and convergent evolution. True or false

A

True

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53
Q

Features in two species that are analogous provide no information about close genetic relationships. True or False

A

False

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54
Q

Marsupials and mammals are examples of convergent evolution. True or False

A

True

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55
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual. It is determined by the alleles present for each trait

A

Genotype

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56
Q

Physical appearance of a trait. It is the expression of the genotype

A

Phenotype

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57
Q

Genetic material that dictates hereditary traits blend together from generation to generation

A

Blending Inheritance

58
Q

The factor that causes masking (coding for Tall)

A

Dominant

59
Q

The factor that is masked if the dominant factor is present

A

Recessive

60
Q

When an organism inherits two identical alleles for a trait

A

Homozygous

61
Q

When an organism inherits two different alleles for one trait

A

Heterozygous

62
Q

Small sections of DNA that code for a specific protein are called what

A

Genes

63
Q

A molecule with a phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a sugar

A

Nucelotide

64
Q

A term that describes the elongation of a molecule by repeated chemical reactions that add additional smaller molecules

A

Polymerization

65
Q

The two types of cell division

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

66
Q

Occurs to make new cells for growth, replacement, and repair

A

Mitosis

67
Q

Occurs to produce haploid sexually reproductive cells or gamates

A

Meiosis

68
Q

Original strands of DNA are used as templates to produce two new strands

A

Replication

69
Q

Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

A

Helicase

70
Q

Removes tension of the unwinding strand (ahead of where helicase is working)

A

Topiosomearse

71
Q

Binds to the two backbones to keep the strands apart

A

Single-stranded building proteins

72
Q

Enzyme that facilitates DNA NT to be added

A

DNA Polymerase (DNAP)

73
Q

Enzyme that facilitates RNA primer nucleotide addition

A

DNA Primase

74
Q

Enzyme that repairs gaps in the new strand’s backbone

A

DNA Ligase

75
Q

Uncondensed DNA

A

Chromatin

76
Q

Condensed DNA

A

Chromosomes

77
Q

Point where chromatids are joined

A

Centromere

78
Q

Chromosomes contain parts- strands composed of chromatin that makes up the chromosome

A

Chromatid

79
Q

Three stages of The Cell Cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

80
Q

Cell grows into its mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares for division

A

Interphase

81
Q

One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of its daughter cells

A

Mitosis

82
Q

The cytoplasm divides ad organelles are distributed into the two new cells

A

Cytokinesis

83
Q

Four stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

84
Q

Meiosis has two divisions. True or False

A

True

85
Q

Who discovered meiosis

A

Oscar Hertwig

86
Q

Who discovered fertilization

A

Pierre-Joesph van Beneden

87
Q

Chromosomes that code for the same features and are in pairs

A

Homologous Chromosomes

88
Q

The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species

A

Taxonomy

89
Q

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

A

Phylogeny

90
Q

Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

A

Phylogenetic Tree

91
Q

Structure and behavior of molecules that do not contain the element of carbon bound to hydrogen

A

Inorganic Chemistry

92
Q

Structure and behavior of molecules that contain the element of carbon typically bound to at least one hydrogen

A

Organic Chemistry

93
Q

The smallest unit of matter

A

Atoms

94
Q

Substances that cannot be converted into simpler substances

A

Elements

95
Q

The most abundant element in the universe

A

Hydrogen

96
Q

The area where there is a high probability of finding the electron

A

Energy Shell

97
Q

Electrons found in the outermost shell

A

Valence Electrons

98
Q

The measure of tendency of an atom to attract pairs of electrons to itself

A

Electronegativity

99
Q

Three types of chemical bonds between atoms

A

Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen

100
Q

The bond that occurs when one atom is “stronger” than the other atom

A

Ionic

101
Q

Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms

A

Covalent

102
Q

Electrons are shared equally

A

Non-polar covalent bonds

103
Q

Bond where electrons in the valence shell of two atoms are partially shared

A

Polar covalent bonds

104
Q

Occurs because there are weak and opposite electrical charges in different areas of a polar molecule

A

Hydrogen bonding

105
Q

The composition of matter is charged as bonds are broken and formed to convert what

A

Reactants and products

106
Q

A liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

A

Solution

107
Q

Carbon has great bonding capacity due to its structure. True or False

A

True

108
Q

OH Functional Group

A

Hydroxyl

109
Q

COOH Functional Group

A

Carboxyl

110
Q

NH2 Functional Group

A

Amino

111
Q

PO4 Functional Group

A

Phosphate

112
Q

CH3 Functional Group

A

Methyl

113
Q

C = O Functional Group

A

Carbonyl

114
Q

SH Functional Group

A

Sufhydryl

115
Q

A single molecule

A

Monomer

116
Q

Many monomers linked together via bonding

A

Polymer

117
Q

Molecules of Life

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides

118
Q

Three forms of molecules

A

Energy, Storage, and Structural Molecules

119
Q

Breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H from a water molecule to the molecule being broken up

A

Hydrolysis

120
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

Amino Acid Sequence

121
Q

What is the central dogma

A

The flow of genetic information in a cell

122
Q

What molecules make up the repeating units in the DNA backbone

A

Sugar and phosphate

123
Q

Large vesicles with a variety of functions. These include acting as a contractile type and holding water

A

Vacuoles

124
Q

Double membraned organelles with role of carrying out photosynthesis. Within the organelle, there are closely stacked and flattened sacs. Found only in plants and some bacteria and protists.

A

Chloroplasts

125
Q

Small, roundish spheres and is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

126
Q

Larger than a ribosome, these sphere-like structures contain digestive enzymes and aid in breaking down food or worn out cell parts. The inside is more acidic than the cytoplasm. Produced in RER and modified in the GA

A

Lysosome

127
Q

Gelatinous type substance surrounding all organelles and within the cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

128
Q

An organelle that contains chlorophyll. Traps energy in sunlight to fix carbon and create sugars. Contains own circular DNA

A

Chloroplasts

129
Q

Firm, protective structure that supports cell membranes in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists

A

Cell wall

130
Q

The phospholipid bilayer membrane that surrounds all cells

A

Cell membrane

131
Q

An organelle that converts the energy in molecules to the type of energy molecule that can do all cell work. Also has its own circular DNA and a double cell membrane

A

Mitochondria

132
Q

Packages proteins for transport to other parts of the cell or for export out of the cell. Receives protein carrying vesicles from the RER/SER on one side and the modified product emerges from the other side of the GA

A

Golgi Apparatus

133
Q

An extension of the nuclear envelope, but with only a single membrane. Studded with ribosomes. The function is to synthesize, modify, and package proteins

A

RER

134
Q

A single-membraned organelle that is pinched off of the other organelles for the purpose of transporting molecules to the next destination

A

Vesicle

135
Q

The double membraned organelle that contains genetic material and the nucleolus. The genetic material inside manages and controls all cell functions

A

Nucleus

136
Q

A highly folded membrane bound organelle that lacks embedded ribosomes and have roles synthesizing many types of lipids. Role in detoxifying drugs and alcohol

A

SER

137
Q

A dense looking region within the nucleus. It is not surrounded by a membrane. Ribosomal RNA molecules are produced by this organelle

A

Nucleolus

138
Q

Networks of protein fibers found throughout the cell. They provide structural support. Some have roles in the ability to move. These are called motor proteins

A

Cytoskeleton

139
Q

Cell membranes are gatekeepers. True or False

A

True

140
Q

The most current (and accepted) model of cell membrane structure

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

141
Q

Used to export bulky molecules outside the cell

A

Exocytosis

142
Q

Used to take in large molecules inside the cell

A

Endocytosis

Biology (2 decks)

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