Biology Final Flashcards
1
Q
Science can prove anything, solve any problem, or answer any question. True or False
A
False
2
Q
Different scientists may get different solutions to the same problem. True or False
A
True
3
Q
Science is primarily concerned with understanding how the natural world works. True or False
A
True
4
Q
Scientific theories explain scientific laws. True or False
A
False
5
Q
Scientific hypotheses become theories and finally, with more evidence, become laws. True or False
A
False
6
Q
Scientists have solved most of the major mysteries of nature. True or False
A
False
7
Q
Science can study things and events that happened in the past, even if there was no one there to observe the event. True or False
A
True
8
Q
Valid scientific laws are more valuable then valid scientific theories. True or False
A
False
9
Q
Scientists often try to disprove their own ideas. True or False
A
True
10
Q
Theories and laws are different kinds of scientific knowledge. True or False
A
True
11
Q
Any research based on logic and reasoning is scientific. True or False
A
False
12
Q
In biology, evolution is only theory and, as a result, it requires more evidence in order for it to be fully supported. True or False
A
False
13
Q
In science, a scientific theory is an explanation for many hypotheses and observations. True or False
A
Can be both true and false
14
Q
A scientific law is a description of a generalized pattern or observation in nature. It does not explain how something works. True or False
A
False
15
Q
Something that is “proven scientifically” is considered by scientists as being a fact, and therefore no longer subject to change. True or False
A
False
16
Q
Science does not require creative thought. True or False
A
False
17
Q
A basic statement established by experiment or observation. All facts are true under specific conditions. Some facts may be false when re-tested with better instruments.
A
Fact
18
Q
A logical relationship between two or more things that is based on a variety of facts and proven hypothesis. It is often a mathematical statement of how two or more quantities relate to each other
A
Law
19
Q
A tentative statement such as “if A happens then B must happen” that can be tested by a direct experiment or observation
A
Hypothesis
20
Q
An explanation for why certain laws and facts exist that can be tested to determine its accuracy
A
Theory
21
Q
A statement that is not scientifically provable in the same way as facts, laws, hypotheses or theories
A
Belief
22
Q
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. T, H, F, L, or B
A
L
23
Q
F=ma. T, H, F, L, or B
A
L
24
Q
Water freezes at 32 degrees F. T, H, F, L, or B
A
F
25
The earth is a sphere. T, H, F, L, or B
F
26
The universe is expanding. T, H, F, L, or B
F
27
Humans were created separately from all other life on earth. T, H, F, L, or B
B
28
Light is an electromagnetic phenomenon described by Maxwell's Laws. T, H, F, L, or B
T
29
The sun will die in 7.5 billion years. T, H, F, L, or B
H
30
In the ocean surrounding Antarctica, there are fish that survive the cold water by using a molecule made of glycoproteins that circulate through the blood and keeps it from freezing. Certain kinds of worms that live in the Arctic also make antifreeze proteins that help them live in icy water. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Convergent
31
A kit fox lives in the desert and has large ears with a greater surface area that keeps the fox from getting overheated. The red fox lives in the forest, where it is cooler and has small ears. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Divergent
32
Two lizard species evolved via natural selection from a common ancestor. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Divergent
33
Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flippers for moving in water even though they belong in different classes of animals. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Convergent
34
Galápagos tortoises share a common ancestor, but have necks of different lengths to reach plants on the islands they live. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Divergent
35
This type of evolution is supported by DNA analysis and results in organisms with different ancestors becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments. Divergent or Convergent Evolution
Convergent
36
List the scientific disciplines that provide supporting evidence of evolution
Anatomy, breeding selection, biogeography, fossils, direct observation
37
An allele is to a gene as a gene is to a...
chromosome
38
An adaptation is the result of natural selection. It is a feature that enhances the survival of any individual with that adaptation as part of their phenotype. True or False
True
39
Homologous structures are not inherited from a shared common ancestor. True or False
True
40
Convergent evolution occurs when two species exhibit similar phenotypes but are not related to each other. True or False
True
41
Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals. True or False
True
42
Hippo fossils have been found on the island of Madagascar. Biogeography does not explain how hippos got to this island. True or False
False
43
All populations tend to have a phenotypic variation for a particular trait. True or False
True
44
The smallest unit that can experience evolution
An individual
45
Evolution can be defined as a genetic change in a population via natural selection. True or False
False
46
The goal of evolution is to improve a species chance of surviving over long periods of time. True or false
True
47
An adaptation is a process that improves a species over many generations. True or False
True
48
An adaptation is a heritable trait that improves an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. True or False
True
49
Natural selection occurs at the level of the population. True or False
False
50
Evolution occurs at the level of the individual. True or False
False
51
Mutation is the source of all genetic variability. True or False
True
52
Natural selection results in both divergent and convergent evolution. True or false
True
53
Features in two species that are analogous provide no information about close genetic relationships. True or False
False
54
Marsupials and mammals are examples of convergent evolution. True or False
True
55
Genetic makeup of an individual. It is determined by the alleles present for each trait
Genotype
56
Physical appearance of a trait. It is the expression of the genotype
Phenotype
57
Genetic material that dictates hereditary traits blend together from generation to generation
Blending Inheritance
58
The factor that causes masking (coding for Tall)
Dominant
59
The factor that is masked if the dominant factor is present
Recessive
60
When an organism inherits two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
61
When an organism inherits two different alleles for one trait
Heterozygous
62
Small sections of DNA that code for a specific protein are called what
Genes
63
A molecule with a phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a sugar
Nucelotide
64
A term that describes the elongation of a molecule by repeated chemical reactions that add additional smaller molecules
Polymerization
65
The two types of cell division
Mitosis and Meiosis
66
Occurs to make new cells for growth, replacement, and repair
Mitosis
67
Occurs to produce haploid sexually reproductive cells or gamates
Meiosis
68
Original strands of DNA are used as templates to produce two new strands
Replication
69
Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
Helicase
70
Removes tension of the unwinding strand (ahead of where helicase is working)
Topiosomearse
71
Binds to the two backbones to keep the strands apart
Single-stranded building proteins
72
Enzyme that facilitates DNA NT to be added
DNA Polymerase (DNAP)
73
Enzyme that facilitates RNA primer nucleotide addition
DNA Primase
74
Enzyme that repairs gaps in the new strand's backbone
DNA Ligase
75
Uncondensed DNA
Chromatin
76
Condensed DNA
Chromosomes
77
Point where chromatids are joined
Centromere
78
Chromosomes contain parts- strands composed of chromatin that makes up the chromosome
Chromatid
79
Three stages of The Cell Cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
80
Cell grows into its mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares for division
Interphase
81
One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of its daughter cells
Mitosis
82
The cytoplasm divides ad organelles are distributed into the two new cells
Cytokinesis
83
Four stages of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
84
Meiosis has two divisions. True or False
True
85
Who discovered meiosis
Oscar Hertwig
86
Who discovered fertilization
Pierre-Joesph van Beneden
87
Chromosomes that code for the same features and are in pairs
Homologous Chromosomes
88
The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species
Taxonomy
89
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Phylogeny
90
Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Tree
91
Structure and behavior of molecules that do not contain the element of carbon bound to hydrogen
Inorganic Chemistry
92
Structure and behavior of molecules that contain the element of carbon typically bound to at least one hydrogen
Organic Chemistry
93
The smallest unit of matter
Atoms
94
Substances that cannot be converted into simpler substances
Elements
95
The most abundant element in the universe
Hydrogen
96
The area where there is a high probability of finding the electron
Energy Shell
97
Electrons found in the outermost shell
Valence Electrons
98
The measure of tendency of an atom to attract pairs of electrons to itself
Electronegativity
99
Three types of chemical bonds between atoms
Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
100
The bond that occurs when one atom is "stronger" than the other atom
Ionic
101
Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms
Covalent
102
Electrons are shared equally
Non-polar covalent bonds
103
Bond where electrons in the valence shell of two atoms are partially shared
Polar covalent bonds
104
Occurs because there are weak and opposite electrical charges in different areas of a polar molecule
Hydrogen bonding
105
The composition of matter is charged as bonds are broken and formed to convert what
Reactants and products
106
A liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
Solution
107
Carbon has great bonding capacity due to its structure. True or False
True
108
OH Functional Group
Hydroxyl
109
COOH Functional Group
Carboxyl
110
NH2 Functional Group
Amino
111
PO4 Functional Group
Phosphate
112
CH3 Functional Group
Methyl
113
C = O Functional Group
Carbonyl
114
SH Functional Group
Sufhydryl
115
A single molecule
Monomer
116
Many monomers linked together via bonding
Polymer
117
Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides
118
Three forms of molecules
Energy, Storage, and Structural Molecules
119
Breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H from a water molecule to the molecule being broken up
Hydrolysis
120
Primary structure of a protein
Amino Acid Sequence
121
What is the central dogma
The flow of genetic information in a cell
122
What molecules make up the repeating units in the DNA backbone
Sugar and phosphate
123
Large vesicles with a variety of functions. These include acting as a contractile type and holding water
Vacuoles
124
Double membraned organelles with role of carrying out photosynthesis. Within the organelle, there are closely stacked and flattened sacs. Found only in plants and some bacteria and protists.
Chloroplasts
125
Small, roundish spheres and is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
126
Larger than a ribosome, these sphere-like structures contain digestive enzymes and aid in breaking down food or worn out cell parts. The inside is more acidic than the cytoplasm. Produced in RER and modified in the GA
Lysosome
127
Gelatinous type substance surrounding all organelles and within the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
128
An organelle that contains chlorophyll. Traps energy in sunlight to fix carbon and create sugars. Contains own circular DNA
Chloroplasts
129
Firm, protective structure that supports cell membranes in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists
Cell wall
130
The phospholipid bilayer membrane that surrounds all cells
Cell membrane
131
An organelle that converts the energy in molecules to the type of energy molecule that can do all cell work. Also has its own circular DNA and a double cell membrane
Mitochondria
132
Packages proteins for transport to other parts of the cell or for export out of the cell. Receives protein carrying vesicles from the RER/SER on one side and the modified product emerges from the other side of the GA
Golgi Apparatus
133
An extension of the nuclear envelope, but with only a single membrane. Studded with ribosomes. The function is to synthesize, modify, and package proteins
RER
134
A single-membraned organelle that is pinched off of the other organelles for the purpose of transporting molecules to the next destination
Vesicle
135
The double membraned organelle that contains genetic material and the nucleolus. The genetic material inside manages and controls all cell functions
Nucleus
136
A highly folded membrane bound organelle that lacks embedded ribosomes and have roles synthesizing many types of lipids. Role in detoxifying drugs and alcohol
SER
137
A dense looking region within the nucleus. It is not surrounded by a membrane. Ribosomal RNA molecules are produced by this organelle
Nucleolus
138
Networks of protein fibers found throughout the cell. They provide structural support. Some have roles in the ability to move. These are called motor proteins
Cytoskeleton
139
Cell membranes are gatekeepers. True or False
True
140
The most current (and accepted) model of cell membrane structure
Fluid Mosaic Model
141
Used to export bulky molecules outside the cell
Exocytosis
142
Used to take in large molecules inside the cell
Endocytosis
