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1. Cell Biology > Cell Organelles 1 > Flashcards

Cell Organelles 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the five organelles that will be studied in great detail.

A

Cytosol

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

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2
Q

How are many of the cell organelles held in their correct locations in the cell?

A

Many of the organelles are held in their relative locations in the cell by attachment to the cytoskeleton, especially to microtubules

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

2

A

A network of protein filaments and tubules that stretches through the cell

It allows for the movement of organelles around the cell

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4
Q

What do the cytoskeletal filaments do?

A

They provide tracks for moving the organelles around and for directing traffic of vesicles between them

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5
Q

What drives the movements of organelles through cytoskeletal filaments?

A

These movements are driven by motor proteins that use energy of ATP hydrolysis to propel the organelles and vesicles along the filaments

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6
Q

List the organelles of a typical animal cell.

9

A 
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Lysosome
Peroxisome
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7
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The concentrated aqueous gel (cytoplasm - the organelles)

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8
Q

Write a note on the cytosol.

2

A

Its the site of many chemical reactions e.g. protein manufacture (ribosomes), breakdown of nutrient molecules

Its a water based gel containing small and large molecules

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

2

A

Cytosol + membrane bounded organelles except for the nucleus

i.e. contents of cell within plasma membrane but outside the nucleus

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10
Q

Write a note on the cytoplasm.

2

A

It’s in constant motion

The cytoskeleton moves organelles around the cell through the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What three things make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Write a note on the nucleus.

3

A

The most prominent cell organelle

5 um in diameter

Contains the genetic material which is made up of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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13
Q

Other than the nucleus, where is DNA found?

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

List the four parts of the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus

Nuclear membrane

Chromatin

Nucleopore

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

5

A

Lipid bilayer encloses the nucleus to form the nuclear envelope

Envelope has perforations - nuclear pores

Pore complex (protein structure) lines pores and regulates entry and exit of particles

Nuclear lamina lines the nuclear side of the envelope

Nucleolus is found in non-dividing nucleus

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16
Q

What type of membrane does the nucleus have?

A

A double membrane made of a lipid bilayer

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17
Q

What are the perforations in the nuclear envelope called?

A

Nuclear pores

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18
Q

What lines the nuclear pores?

A

The pore complex

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19
Q

What is the pore complex?

A

A protein structure

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20
Q

What does the pore complex do?

A

It regulates the entry and exit of particles from the nucleus

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21
Q

What lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear lamina

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22
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

An array of protein filaments with anchor-sites for chromatin

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23
Q

What can only be found in non-dividing nucleus?

A

Nucleolus

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24
Q

Name the two parts of the nuclear membrane.

A

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

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25
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
It encloses the nucleus to separate contents from cytoplasm
26
List the order of layers of the nucleus. | 6
``` Outer membrane Perinuclear space Inner membrane Nuclear lamina Nucleoplasm Nucleolus ```
27
What exactly are nuclear pores?
Protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope
28
How do nuclear pores appear?
They look like perforations on the surface of the nucleus
29
What is the nucleolus made up of?
Protein Ribosomal DNA (rDNA)
30
Write a note on the nucleolus. | 2
No membrane It's the site of RNA transcription, RNA processing, ribosome assembly
31
What happens in the nucleolus?
RNA transcription RNA processing ribosome assembly
32
How many nucleoli are found in a nucleus?
Most have only one but some organisms can have more than one
33
Give an example of an organism with more than one nucleolus.
Paramecium
34
How many nuclei are found in cells?
Most cells only have one nucleus but some can have more than one
35
Give an example of a cell which has more than one nucleus.
Skeletal muscle cells can have 2 or more nuclei
36
What is chromatin made up of? | 2
Genomic DNA Proteins
37
Where is chromatin found in eukaryotes?
Nucleus of eukaryotic cells
38
Where is chromatin found in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
39
What is a nucleoid?
The space within a prokaryotic cell where it's genetic information, called the genophore is found
40
What is the function of chromatin?
To package DNA into a small volume so that it can fit into the cell
41
How does chromatin tightly pack DNA?
DNA is tightly packed around histones (proteins) in a structure called a 'nucleosome'
42
What does further packing of nucleosomes form?
Solenoid
43
What does further packing of solenoids form?
Solenoid loops
44
What does further packing of solenoid loops form?
This forms the arms of the chromosome and eventually the whole chromosome
45
What are the two different types of chromatin?
Heterochromatin Euchromatin
46
What is heterochromatin? | 2
The condensed (dense patches) form of chromatin organised The inactive form of chromatin
47
What is euchromatin? | 3
The lighter region of the nucleus Most abundant in active cells Active form of chromatin
48
Write a note on the nucleoplasm. | 6
Similar to cytoplasm - highly viscous liquid Also called nuclear sap Surrounds the chromatin and nucleolus Contains a network of fibres made up of proteins Contains nucleotides Contains proteins/enzymes
49
What does the nucleoplasm surround? | 2
Chromatin Nucleolus
50
What does the nucleoplasm contain? | 3
A network of fibres made up of proteins Nucleotides Proteins/enzymes
51
What do the nucleotides in the nucleoplasm do?
Their used in DNA replication and transcription
52
What do the proteins/enzymes in the nucleoplasm do?
Their used in all nuclear function
53
What are the three functions of the nucleus?
Replication Transcription Translation
54
What happens during replication?
The nucleus mediates copying of DNA in the cell cycle which is essential for the development and growth of a cell
55
What happens during transcription?
The nucleus controls the production of messenger RNA which is produced in the nucleus using DNA as a template
56
What happens during translation?
mRNA is transported via the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm for the synthesis of specific proteins which in turn have specific cellular functions
57
Why are ribosomes technically not organelles?
They are not bound by a membrane
58
What are ribosomes made of?
60% rRNA 40% protein
59
What are the two different types of ribosomes?
Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes
60
What is the function of ribosomes?
Make protein
61
Describe the structure of a ribsome.
Large and small subunits (Svedberg units)
62
What makes up the large and small subunits of a ribosome?
Proteins and four strands of rRNA
63
What are the ribosomal subunits also called?
Svedberg units
64
What are the two different types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum
65
What is the difference between smooth and rough ER? | 2
Smooth ER is agranular and has no ribosomes attached Rough ER is granular and has ribosomes attaches
66
What are the three main functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesis, activation and transport of macromolecules in the cell
67
What does smooth ER do? | 5
Lacks ribosomes - but contains enzymes used in: synthesis of lipids and steroids Detoxification of drugs and poisons Metabolism of carbohydrates Stores CA2+ Enzyme reactions
68
List functions of smooth ER
synthesis of lipids and steroids Detoxification of drugs and poisons Metabolism of carbohydrates Stores CA2+ Enzyme reactions
69
What does rough ER do? | 3
Has ribosomes on outer surface Proteins are produced on these ribosomes Protein and lipid transport and secretion
70
Describe the structure of the ER. | 4
It is a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae An extension of the nuclear membrane Has spaces called a lumen/cisternal space Rough ER has ribosomes
71
What does the golgi apparatus do?
It is the distribution and shipping centre for the cell's chemical processes
72
What is the golgi apparatus made of?
Made of separate flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
73
What allows the GA to transport things between itself and other structures?
Vesicles in the vicinity of GA allow this
74
What are the names of the two faces of the golgi?
Cis face Trans face
75
What is the cis face of the golgi?
This is the face near the ER or the 'receiving end
76
What is the trans face of the golgi?
This is the face away from the ER or the 'shipping area
77
What are the three functions of the GA?
Modification of products with golgi enzymes Storage of products Sorting and transport of products for various parts of the cell
78
Explain how the vesicles aid the GA. | 4
Some vesicles pinch off from the Golgi apparatus These vesicles move to the cell membrane The materials in the vesicle are then released to the outside of the cell Some of these pinched off vesicles also become lysosomes

1. Cell Biology (6 decks)

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