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cell metabolis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions taking place in a living organism

concerned with the balance of energy release and energy utilisation.

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2
Q

what is catabolism?

A

chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with the release of energy

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3
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the processing of combining small molecules to make larger ones. reqiures energy also

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4
Q

what are organic compounds?

A

have large molecules that always contain the element carbon. Eg. carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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5
Q

what are inorganic compounds

A

Inorganic substances are small molecules that do not contain the element carbon Eg water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals

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6
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

always contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

two more hydrogen than oxygen

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7
Q

what are the types of carbs

A

monosaccarides
disaccarides
polysaccarides

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8
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simples sugars (simple unit sugars) eg, glucose, fructose and galactose.mono

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9
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 simple sugars joined together, examples are sucrose, maltose and lactose

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10
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

large numbers of simple sugars joined together eg. glycogen, cellulose, starch.

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11
Q

what are protein?

A

always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and often sulfur and phosphorus
made of amino acids
consist of 100 or more amino acids
each chain of amino acids are folded in different ways .
they are involved in the chemical reaction sin the body/

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12
Q

amino acids

A

building block of protein

glycine, valine, glutamic acid.

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13
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

the bonds that forms between amino acids

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14
Q

what is a dipeptide ?

A

two amino acids joined by a peptide bond

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15
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

10 or more amino acids joined

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16
Q

what are lipids?

A

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but much less oxygen than carbohydrates
eg. fats, stored int he body as energy reserves involve phospholipids (cell membrane) steroids like cholesterol and the sex hormones.

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17
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

very large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
made of nucleotides which has a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

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18
Q

what are the 2 main types of nucleic acids?

A

ribonucleic acids RNA

deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

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19
Q

what is RNA

A

consists of single chain of nucleotides that has sugar ribose
it carries info from the DNA in the nucleus to parts of the cell where proteins are made.

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20
Q

what is DNA

A

consists of 2 chains of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.
it is the genetic material int he nucleus that stores inherited information.

21
Q

what are enzymes?

A

an inorganic substance (usually a protein) that increases the speed of chemical changes without being altered or destroyed int eh change; an organic catalyst. takes place at normal temps
chemical reactions need energy to get started
enzymes reduce the the activation energy needed to begin a reaction

22
Q

what is activation energy?

A

energy required to get the chemical reaction started

23
Q

what is substrate?

A

a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
enzymes are specific, each enzyme will combine with only one particular substrate and will therefore be involved in one reaction.
this happens because the enzyme and the substrate have the same characteristics that are complementary to one another. the enzyme and the substrate will have the shape and structure to fit the lock (substrate) and only the correct key will open the lock.

24
Q

what is an active site?

A

the part of an enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate.

25
Q

what is an enzyme-substrate complex

A

the structure formed when an enzyme and substrate combine

26
Q

what are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

A
  1. the higher the concentration of the enzymes, the faster the rate of chemical reactions.
    by regulating the type and amount of enzymes present, the body is able to control which reaction occur an the rate at which they proceed.
  2. increasing substrate concentration increases th rate of the reaction. this occurs because there will be more substrate molecules coming Into contact with the enzyme molecules. beyond a certain requirement if the substrate meets it then the the effect will cease because all the enzyme molecules will be fully occupied.
  3. the products of the reaction must be continually removed, it will be difficult as the substrate molecules to make contact with the enzyme molecules.
  4. temperature influences enzyme activity. the rate of most chemical reaction increases as temperature increases. this is true of most enzyme reactions but only within a limited temperature change. because enzymes are proteins, they don not work in 45-50 degrees Celsius they’re structure changes and they become inactive. the optimum temperature is the temperature best for enzymes to function in 30-40 degrees Celsius.
  5. sensitive to pH of the medium in which a reaction is raking place. each enzyme has its own optimum pH
  6. require the presence of certain ions ro non protein molecules before they will catalyse a reaction. substances involve co factors
    co facts change the shape fo the active site so that the enzyme can combine with the substrate. without the co factor, the molecule is intact but cannot function . some of those factors are non protein organic molecules called co enzymes like vitamins.
  7. enzyme inhibitors are substances that slow ro even stop the enzymes activity. may be used by cells to control reactions so that produces are produced in specific amounts . drugs like penicillin have an enzyme in bacteria that is involved in construction of the cell wall.
27
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

the chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell. also called tissue respiration or internal respiration.

28
Q

what is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

29
Q

what is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
molecule that stores energy in cells; the energy is stored in the bond between the end phosphate group and the rest of the molecule. stored energy. energy released when ATP goes into ADP. it loses a phosphate group.

30
Q

what is ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

the substances formed when the end phosphate group is removed from a molecule of adenosine triphosphate..

31
Q

what are co enzymes

A

non protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme like vitamins

32
Q

how does glucose breakdown?

aneoribic respiration

A

glycolysis the glucose splits 2/3 pyruvate molecules. takes two ATP’s and creates 4 ATP’s and 1 NADH.

glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; releases energy to form 2 molecules of ADP. no oxygen is required for this. no oxygen is available the pyruvic acid produced in the glycolysis converted o lactic acid. the production of lactic acid from glucose is called aneoroboc respiration, which means respiration without oxygen.
glycolysis of one molecule of glucose releases enough energy to be converted to molecules of 2ADP to ATP. .
aneoribic respiration allows cells to produce some energy in the absence of oxygen.
the enzymes required for aneoribic respiration are available in the cytosol of the cell.
the glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in the cytosol. aneoribic respiration is very important during physical activity.
when the respiratory and the circulatory systems are able to supply muscle cells with enough oxygen to meet all the energy demands of the contracting muscles. in such a circumstance, aneoribic respiration supplies the extra energy. this results in the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles and lactic acid may cause muscle pain.
lactic acid from aneorivhic respiration is taken by the blood to the liver where it can be recombined with oxygen to form glucose and eventually glycogen. as this process requires oxygen
physiologists say that when cels are respiration aneoribically the body is carrying an oxygen debt. after vigorous exercise, one continues to breathe heavily for one time because the oxygen debt must be supplied by converting lactic acid to glucose. the extra oxygen required after exercise may also be called recovery oxygen.

33
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration that does not require oxygen

the production of lactic acid to form glucose

34
Q

what is the oxygen debt

A

extra oxygen required after excising in addition to the normal resting rewquiremt. it is required to remove the lactic acid produced during excerciese

35
Q

what is recovery oxygen ?

A

the extra oxygen needed to recover after ecxcersce.

36
Q

what is aerobic respiration. describe process

A

respiration requiring oxygen.
the complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and water requires oxygen. the pyretic acid produced from the glycolysis is broken down to CO2 and H2O.
it occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
constructed with a double membrane, an outer membrane that form the shape of the organelle and inner membrane that is folded inwards.
the enzymes for the reaction of the aerobic respiration are attached to the internal membrane so folding produces a large surface area on which the reaction of the aroibci respiration can take place.
to complete the breakdown of glucose, the two pyruvic molecules produce in the glycolysis must enter the mitochondria, where enzymes are available to allow two more series of reaction to occur. the first of theses is known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle and results in the formation fo 2 more ATP molecules from the two pyruvic acids molecules. the second series of reaction is known as the electron transport system can produce up to 34 molecules of ATP from the products of one molecule of glucose.
the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose has the potential to generate 38 molecules of ATP. two from the glycolisis, 2 from the citric acid cycle add up to 34 from the electron transport mechanism. this can be presented as
38 ADP +38P -> 38ATP
a yield of 38 ATP molecules form the energy contained in one molecule of glucose is the theoretical maximum
the actual ATP yield is lower than this

37
Q

why is the mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell.

A

aerobic respiration reaction takes place in the mitochondria and because respiration releases 95% of the energy to keep the cell alive.

38
Q

how do cells use energy?

A

the chemical energy from food from glucose - chemical energy in ATP is used for building complex molecules, cell division and growth, movement of cell organelles, movement of whole cell, maintaining cell organisation,, active transport, transmission of nerve impulses, which all produce heat energy.

39
Q

describe cellular respiration

A

heat is produced from the chemical reactions.
40% in respiration is incorporated into ATP, the other 60% is lost as heat. therefore energy must be continually consumed in the form of food to replace that lost heat and utilised for other purposes.
the reactions of cellular respiration are catabolic, they release energy.
ATP must be used to transfer energy from the catabolic reactions to reactions that require energy. anabolic reactions. the building up of small molecules eerie energy to form the chemical bonds that hold the parts of the molecules together. eg when lactic acid is recombined with oxygen in the liver to the form of glucose. or when glucose molecules are joined to form glycogen, the energy required comes from the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
energy for the build up of proteins lipids and other molecules are transferred from cellular respiration by ATP.

40
Q

what is synthesis?

A

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are joined to make larger molecules. Protein is synthesised from amino acids. Synthesis requires both matter and energy - matter in the form of small molecules to be joined an energy to form the chemical bonds at hold the smaller units together. Glycogen molecules can be synthesise by joining glucose units together and glycogen can be synthesise from lactic acid and oxygen.

41
Q

what is a nutrient

A

A nutrient is any substance in food that provides energy come on is essential for growth or assists in the functioning of the body.

42
Q

what are the groups of nutrients?

A 
water
carbohydrates
lipids
protein
minerals 
vitamins
43
Q

why is water important in metabolism?

A

it is the fluid in which other substances are dissolved in
chemical reactions in the cell occur ij the water and water molecules are dissolved. chemical reactions in the cell occur in water and water molecules take part in sum reactions

44
Q

why is carbs important in metabolism

A

main source of energy for cells, complex carbs are broken down int simple sugars, particularly glucose which can be broken down into the cellular respiration to release energy.

45
Q

why are lipids important in metabolism?

A

important energy source. they are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. glycerol can then enter the glycolicis and broken down to release energy in similar way to glucose

46
Q

why are proteins important in metabolism?

A

proteins are broken down into amino acids.
amino acids molecules can be assembled into new proteins with regard to metabolism.
the most important protein are enzymes.
enzymes control metabolism bt controllin mht chemical reaction that occur in the body.
proteins can also be used as a source of energy but only if the sum supply of carbohydrates and liquid is inadequate.

47
Q

why are minerals important in metabolism

A

they may be apart of enzymes. they may function as co factors for enzymes or maybe apart of substances like ATP that are involved in metabolism.

48
Q

why are vitamins important in metabolism

A

acts as co enzymes for many of the chemical reactions for metabolism.

49
Q

what is glycolisis?

A

glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; releases energy to form 2 molecules of ADP. no oxygen is required for this. no oxygen is available the pyruvic acid produced in the glycolysis converted o lactic acid. the production of lactic acid from glucose is called aneoroboc respiration, which means respiration without oxygen.

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