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POM > cell met 2 > Flashcards

cell met 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce per cycle, net?

A

3x NADH, 1x FADH2, 1x GTP, 2x CO2

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2
Q

What are two alternative names for the Krebs cycle?

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA), citric acid cycle

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3
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

strictly aerobic, unlike glycolysis

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4
Q

What is a description about the Krebs cycle enzymes?

A

they are soluble proteins located in the mitochondrial matrix space (with one notable exception)

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5
Q

When is the bulk of ATP generated (Krebs cycle)?

A

when the reduced coenzymes are re-oxidised with the help of oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation)
-> this re-oxidation means that the tca cycle only operates under aerobic conditions

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6
Q

Can amino acids enter the TCA cycle?

A

yes

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7
Q

What is the general strategy of amino acid degradation?

A
  • remove the amino group (which is eventually excreted as urea)
  • whilst the carbon skeleton is either funnelled into the production of glucose OR fed into the TCA cycle
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8
Q

What does the degradation of all twenty amino acids give rise to?

A

only seven molecules: pyruvate, acetyl coa, acetoacetyl coa, aketoglutarate, succinyl coa, fumarate and oxaloacetate

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9
Q

What are the names of the seven molecules which are given rise to by the degradation of all 20 amino acids?

A
  • pyruvate
  • acetyl coa
  • acetoacetyl coa
  • aketoglutarate
  • succinyl coa
  • fumarate
  • oxaloacetate
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10
Q

What are the two types of amino acids? (in terms of what they give rise to)

A

glucogenic and ketogenic

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11
Q

What type of reaction is a transamination reaction?

A

group transfer

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12
Q

What involves transamination reactions?

A

protein metabolism

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13
Q

What happens in a transamination reaction?

A

an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to a keto acid
forming a new pair of amino and keto acids

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14
Q

Give an example of a transamination reaction?

A

alanine metabolism

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15
Q

Describe the alanine metabolism reaction?

A

alanine (C3) + alpha-ketoglutarate —alanine aminotransferase—> pyruvate + glutamate

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16
Q

What does the decarboxylation of pyruvate generate?

A

acetyl coa
which can then enter the tca cycle

17
Q

What happens to the glutamate produced in alanine metabolism/transamination?

A
  • re-converted to alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase
  • this generates NH4+ which is ultimately converted to urea
18
Q

Where does the NADH produced in glycolysis need to go and why?

A
  • the mitochondria
  • to be utilised by ox phos
  • and to regenerate NAD+
19
Q

What happens if NAD+ is not regenerated?

A

there is only a finite amount of NAD+ and unless regenerated, glycolysis will quickly grind to a halt

20
Q

How does NADH (or its high-energy electrons) cross from the cytosol into the matrix of the mitochondria?

A
  • glycerol phosphate shuttle (skeletal muscle, brain)
  • malate-aspartate shuttle (liver, kidney, heart)
21
Q

Which tissues/organs is the glycerol phosphate shuttle for?

A

skeletal muscle, brain

22
Q

Which tissues/organs is the malate-aspartate shuttle for?

A

liver, kidney, heart

23
Q

What are carried across the mitochondrial membrane via the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself

24
Q

What is step 1 of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADH to DHAP to generate glycerol 3-phosphate

25
Q

What is step 2 of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

a membrane bound form of the same enzyme transfers the electrons the FAD.
these then get passed to co-enzyme Q (part of electron transport chain)

26
Q

What happens to the electrons after they are transferred to FAD in the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

they get passed to co-enzyme Q (part of the electron transport chain)

27
Q

What (type of) reactions are happening in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

A

redox

28
Q

What does AT stand for? (malate-aspartate shuttle)

A

aspartate transaminase

29
Q

What does MDH stand for? (malate-aspartate shuttle)

A

malate dehydrogenase

30
Q

What are the names of the antiporters in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

A
  • glutamate-aspartate antiporter
  • malate-alpha-ketoglutarate
31
Q

What are the two reactions in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

A

aspartate—

POM (5 decks)

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