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cell met 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 types of reactions which define metabolism?

A
  • oxidation-reduction
  • ligation requiring ATP cleavage
  • isomerisation
  • group transfer
  • hydrolytic
  • addition or removal of functional groups
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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic process

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4
Q

Main concepts of glycolysis

A

i. formation of a high energy compound (stage 1: investment of ATP)
ii. splitting of a high energy compound (stage 2: collection-ATP generation)

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5
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 1?

A

group transfer

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6
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 2?

A

isomerisation

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7
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 3?

A

group transfer

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8
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 4?

A

hydrolytic

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9
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 5?

A

isomerisation

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10
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 6?

A

redox and group transfer

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11
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 7?

A

group transfer

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12
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 8?

A

isomerisation

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13
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 9?

A

group removal

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14
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 10?

A

group transfer

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15
Q

What is the net result of glycolysis?

A

2x ATP, 2x NADH, 2x pyruvate

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16
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

electron transfer

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17
Q

What is a ligation requiring ATP cleavage reaction?

A

formation of covalent bonds (i.e., carbon-carbon bonds)

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18
Q

What is an isomerisation reaction?

A

rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

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19
Q

What is a group transfer reaction?

A

transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

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20
Q

What is a hydrolytic reaction?

A

cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

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21
Q

What is an ‘addition or removal of functional groups’ reaction?

A

addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removal to form double bonds

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22
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis?

A

glucose —hexokinase—> glucose-6-phosphate + H+

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23
Q

What are two description points about glycolysis step 1?

A
  • this reaction is essentially irreversible and commits the cell to the subsequent reactions
  • also traps glucose inside the cell by means of the negative charge
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24
Q

What is glycolysis step 2?

A

glucose-6-phosphate —phosphoglucose isomerase—> fructose-6-phosphate

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25
Q

What is the logic behind glycolysis step 2?

A

fructose can be split into equal halves when subsequently cleaved

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26
Q

What is glycolysis step 3?

A

fructose-6-phosphate —phosphofructokinase—> fructose-1,6-bisohosphate

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27
Q

What is the description about glycolysis step 3?

A

regulation of phosphofructokinase is a key control step for the entry of sugars into the glycolysis pathway

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28
Q

What is glycolysis step 4?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate —aldolase—> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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29
Q

What is generated through glycolysis step 4?

A

two high energy compounds (G3P & DHAP)

30
Q

What is glycolysis step 5?

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate —triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)—> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

31
Q

What is TPI deficiency?

A
  • the only glycolytic enzymopathy that is fatal
  • most sufferers die within the first 6 years of their lives
32
Q

What is glycolysis step 6?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate —glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase—> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

33
Q

What is dehydrogenase?

A

cofactor -> redox reaction

34
Q

What else happens in glycolysis step 6?

A

NADH is generated which can be later used to generate more ATP within the mitochondria in ox phos

35
Q

What is glycolysis step 7?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —phosphoglycerate kinase—> 3-phosphoglycerate

36
Q

What are kinases?

A

phosphorylate molecule, key control steps

37
Q

What is glycolysis step 8?

A

3-phosphoglycerate —phosphoglycerate mutase—> 2-phosphoglycerate

38
Q

What is step 8 glycolysis, effectively?

A

a shuffling of the phosphate group from the 3 to the 2 position via removal and addition of phosphoryl groups

39
Q

What is glycolysis step 9?

A

2-phosphoglycerate —enolase—> phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O

40
Q

What is glycolysis step 10?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate —pyruvate kinase—> pyruvate

41
Q

Which glycolysis steps use ATP?

42
Q

Which glycolysis step produces NADH?

43
Q

Which glycolysis steps produce ATP?

44
Q

What are the three fates of pyruvate?

A
  • alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic)
  • lactate production (anaerobic)
  • acetyl coa production (in the mitochondria)
45
Q

What is the first reaction in alcoholic fermentation (fates of pyruvate)?

A

pyruvate —pyruvate decarboxylase—> acetaldehyde + CO2

46
Q

What is the second reaction in alcoholic fermentation (fates of pyruvate)?

A

acetaldehyde —alcohol dehydrogenase—> ethanol + NAD+

47
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation characteristic of?

A

yeasts
can occur under anaerobic conditions

48
Q

What is the (reversible) reaction in generation of lactate (fates of pyruvate)?

A

pyruvate —lactate dehydrogenase—> lactate + NAD+

49
Q

What is generation of lactate characteristic of?

A

mammalian muscle during intense activity when oxygen is a limiting factor
also anaerobic

50
Q

Why is regeneration of NAD+ in alcoholic fermentation & generation of lactate essential?

A

required for glycolysis to continue, in conditions of oxygen deprivation

51
Q

What does it mean for glycolysis to continue in conditions of oxygen deprivation?

A

i.e. conditions in which the rate of NADH formation by glycolysis is greater than its rate of NADH oxidation by the respiratory chain

52
Q

Which step of glycolysis is NAD+ needed for?

A

dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is the first step in generating ATP for the body (step 6)

53
Q

Creatine phosphate reaction

A

creatine phosphate —creatine kinase—> creatine + ATP

54
Q

What do creatine phosphate & creatine kinase act as?

A
  • creatine phosphate as a buffer for ATP
  • creatine kinase as a diagnostic marker for various diseases
55
Q

What is deltaG for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

-31 kJ/mole

56
Q

What is deltaG for the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate?

A

-43.1 kJ/mole

57
Q

How long can ATP sustain a contraction for in muscle?

A

the amount of ATP needed during exercise is only enough to sustain contraction for around one second

58
Q

Make Q: a large reservoir of creatine phosphate is on hand to buffer demands for phosphate (???) (25mM creatine phosphate c.f. 4mM ATP in resting muscle)

59
Q

What is the (simplified) reaction for acetyl CoA generation (fates of pyruvate)?

A

pyruvate + HS-CoA —pyruvate dehydrogenase complex—> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

60
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

a complex of enzymes, complex series of reactions take place

61
Q

Where does the series of reactions for acetyl CoA generation take place?

A

mitochondria

62
Q

What is the acetyl CoA formed in fates of pyruvate committed to and why?

A

as it is produced in the mitochondria, it is committed to entry into the TCA cycle

63
Q

What is the name of the high-energy bond in acetyl CoA?

A

thioester bond
- high-energy linkage -> readily hydrolysed -> enables acetyl CoA to donate the acetate (2C) to other molecules

64
Q

How many carbon atoms does acetyl CoA contain?

65
Q

What does the high-energy bond in acetyl CoA enable and how?

A
  • thioester bond is a high-energy linkage
  • so, readily hydrolysed
  • which enables acetyl CoA to donate the acetate (2C) to other molecules
66
Q

What does RNA ancestry suggest about the origin of acetyl CoA?

A

that it is of primeval origin

67
Q

What is Beri-Beri caused by?

A

deficiency of thiamine

68
Q

What does Beri-Beri result from?

A

poor PDH function

69
Q

What are three symptoms of Beri-Beri?

A
  • damage to peripheral nervous system
  • weakness of musculature
  • decreased cardiac output
70
Q

Why is the brain particularly vulnerable to Beri-Beri?

A

as it relies heavily on glucose metabolism

71
Q

What is thiamine pyrophosphate?

A

cofactor of the PDH complex
it readily loses a proton and resulting carbanion attacks pyruvate
(Beri-Beri)

POM (5 decks)

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