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Biology > Cell Membranes + Structures > Flashcards

Cell Membranes + Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Fluid - phospholipids can move freely about the bilayer and can rotate about their axis
Mosaic - scattered pattern of protein molecules

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2
Q

How does a shorter phospholipid tail affect membrane fluidity?

A

Makes it LESS fluid

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3
Q

How does double bonds in phospholipid tail affect membrane fluidity?

A

Makes it MORE fluid

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Made up of 2 fatty acid, hydrocarbon tails, a phosphate group and a glycerol molecule

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5
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Tail = hydrophobic
Head = hydrophilic

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6
Q

Give 3 functions of membranes at SURFACE of a cell

A
  1. Separates the cell from its surroundings
  2. Maintain environment in cell
  3. Surface antigens identify cell as ‘self’
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7
Q

Give 3 functions of membranes IN a cell

A
  1. Compartmentalize environments
  2. Isolate harmful substances (eg lysosomes)
  3. Allow vesicles to form for endo/exocytosis
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8
Q

Describe structure of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids - heads pointed out, tails in
Cholesterol - between phospholipids
Carbohydrates - on surface
Proteins - in layer (can be halfway or all the way through membrane)

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8
Q

How thick is the plasma membrane?

A

7nm

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9
Q

What can pass through plasma membrane freely (and what is the exception?) ?

A

Small, lipid soluable, non-polar, non-charged molecules (water can pass freely through aquaporins because its small)

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10
Q

Name three membrane proteins

A
  1. Channel protein
  2. Transmembrane protein
  3. Transmembrane glycoprotein
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11
Q

What regions does cholesterol have?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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11
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

Between phospholipids

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11
Q

Whats the role of channel and carrier proteins?

A

Transport of water soluable, polar, charged molecules (that can’t pass freely through membrane)

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11
Q

Whats the function of cholesterol?

A

Regulates fluidity

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11
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Higher temperature = MORE fluidity

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11
Q

How does alcohol concentration affect the membrane?

A

Higher alcohol concentration DISRUPTS membrane

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12
Q

Name 3 cell structures with double membranes

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplasts
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12
Q

Name the 10 main proteins in eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Nucleus 2. Nucleolus 3. Cytoplasm
  2. Cytoskeleton 5. SER 6. RER 7. Golgi Apparatus 8. Ribosomes
  3. Mitochondria 10. Plasma membrane
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13
Q

What allows substances in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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14
Q

Whats the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores the human genome and controls the cell by providing instructions for protein synthesis

15
Q

Whats does the nucleus produce?

A

Proteins

16
Q

Whats found in the nucleus?

A

Chromatin (DNA wound around histones)

17
Q

What types of ribosomes are found on RER?

A

80s

18
Q

Describe the structure of the RER

A

A system cisternae studded with with ribosomes

19
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes found?

A

In cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in mitochondria and chloroplasts

20
Q

Why does RER have lots of folds?

A

More surface area for protein synthesis

21
Q

Whats the function of RER?

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

Whats the function of SER?

A

Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroids

23
Q

Whats the Golgi made of?

A

Stacks of flattened membrane bound sacks - cisternae

24
Q

Whats the fluid filled centre of mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

24
Q

Whats the function of a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

24
Q

Whats the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

24
Q

Whats a lysosome?

A

Membrane bound sac

24
Q

What does a ribosome look like?

A

Made up of a small and large subunit

24
Q

What 2 things are found in mitochondria?

A

Its own DNA and 70s ribosomes

24
Q

Whats the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration - making ATP

24
Q

Whats the function of Golgi?

A

Pinches modified proteins off into transport vesicles

24
Q

Which is bigger 70s or 80s ribosomes?

A

80s

24
Q

Whats inside a lysosome?

A

Hydrolytic (digestive) enzyme

25
Q

Whats the function of lysosome?

A

Break own old organelles and foreign matter for reuse

26
Q

Whats the function of glycol lipids/protein?

A

Cell signaling

27
Q

How do you tell the difference between between glycol lipids and proteins?

A

Whether its attached to a lipids or a protein

28
Q

Describe the structure of a glycol lipid/protein

A

A lipid/protein with a carbohydrate

29
Q

What 3 structures don’t prokaryotes have?

A

1- nucleus
2- centrioles
3- membrane bound structures (mitochondria, chloroplasts, RER, SER, Golgi etc)

30
Q

What 4 structures don’t eukaryotes have?

A

1- peptidoglycan cell wall
2- smaller ribosomes
3- naked loop of DNA
4- plasmids

31
Q

What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission and conjugation (using pili)

32
Q

What is the bacteria that causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

33
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Faeces

34
Q

How do we prevent cholera transmission (5 ways)?

A

1- cleaner water
2- sewage treatment
3- antibiotics
4- use of proper fertilizers
5- education on good hygiene

35
Q

What are 3 treatments for cholera?

A

1- oral rehydration (glucose and salt solution)
2- water
3- antibiotics

36
Q

What are the 10 steps for cholera to cause symptoms?

A

1- toxins bind to receptors on surface of intestinal cells
2- causes G protein to move into cell
3- activates an enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP
4- cAMP is a 2nd messenger
5- causes enzyme cascade
6- protein kinases activated
7- causes more chloride ion channels embedded in membrane
8- chloride ions leave
9- water potential in cell increases
10- water leaves via osmosis

Biology (5 decks)

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