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Histology > Cell Lecture > Flashcards

Cell Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-Regulates transport into and out of the cell
-Glycocalyx, glycolipids, and glycoproteins (all of these work as cell surface receptors)
-

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2
Q

Nucleus (except red blood cells)

A

-visualization due to heterochromatin (tightly packed DNA); stains darker and creates a dark rim around the nuclear area
-Chromatin packaging will allow us to understand cell activity & see it through H&E staining
-It can indicate the metabolic activity of the cell/protein production in order to see if the cell is malignant or tumorific
-nuclear receptors-steroid hormones
***
Nucleolus
-rRNA production
-1-10 per cell (depends on the cell type)

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Cells described based on nuclear to cytoplasmic ration (N:C)
  • Cytoplasm is distinct color based on organelle content
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4
Q

What’s in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Mitochondria: ATP, Calcium ion storage, detoxification, steroids
  • Smooth ER: Calcium ion storage, detoxification, steroid hormones
  • Rough ER: protein production, secreted and plasma membrane-bound
  • Polyribosomes: protein production, cytosolic and organelles
  • Golgi Apparatus: posttranslational modifications, protein packaging
  • Cytoskeletal proteins: structure and movement; IHC target
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5
Q

FORM = FUNCTION

A

Types and density of various organelles within a cell are what give/allow each cell to perform its duties

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6
Q

COLOR = CHEMISTRY

A

Types and density of various organelles within in a cell are what give it certain staining characteristics via LM

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7
Q

Euchromatin

A
  • white
  • open DNA that can be used
  • can actively transcript
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8
Q

Heterochromatin

A
  • black
  • tightly coiled DNA
  • inactive DNA
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9
Q

What colors are RNA and DNA in H&E and TEM?

A

H&E: RNA & DNA are blue

TEM: RNA & DNA are black

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10
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • paired membranes
  • 30-50nm of perinuclear space
  • not resolved with LM
  • outer membranes is continuous with rER
  • Nuclear pores perforate envelope; 70-80 nm openings
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11
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Allow components to enter/leave nucleus

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12
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Visible with light microscope [LM]

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13
Q

Interphase

A
  • Majority of time spent in this phase
  • Euchromatin dominates in “busy”cell
  • Interphase is when cell is a business cell and it carries out all its functions
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14
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Prophase: chromatin condenses; dark nucleus (round)
  • Metaphase: chromosomes align at equatorial plate
  • Anaphase: division and separation of chromosomes
  • Telophase: cytokinesis
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15
Q

Centrosome

A
  • 2 centrioles arranged orthogonally (means in right angle to each other)
  • It connects the microtubules to kinetochores to separate chromosomes
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16
Q

Tumorific cells

A

Malignant cells can exhibit extreme nuclear changes

17
Q

Apoptosis

A
  1. Rapid programmed death
  2. Cell membrane remains intact
  3. Apoptotic bodies form and contain contents
  4. Phagocytized by macrophages
  5. Does not alert the immue system

This is a normal cell death

18
Q

Necrosis

A
  1. Caused by trauma, toxins, infections, hypoxia, etc
  2. Cell membranes becomes leaky
  3. Mitochondria swell, burst
  4. Fluid rushes into cytoplasm; cellular contents leak out
  5. Immune system is alerted
19
Q

Three Major Cytoskeleton Components

A
  1. Microfilaments: actin and myosin
  2. Microtubule: tubulin
  3. Intermediate filaments: keratin, vimentin
20
Q

Cytoskeleton Functions

A
  1. Cell Adhesion
  2. Intracellular transport
  3. Extracellular transport
  4. Cell motility
  5. Cell division
  6. Cell structure
21
Q

Microtubules

A
  • All about movement
  • 24-26nm diameter
  • Found in cytoplasm
  • Needs microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)
  • Kinesin and dynein are motor proteins
  • Examples: Cilia, flagella, centrosome, mitotic spindle, basal bodies
  • Centriole: 9 triplets
22
Q

Cilia

A
  • motile
  • movement
  • 2 singlets in the center and is surrounded by 9 doublets
  • 9+2
23
Q

Basal Bodies

A
  • Centrioles
  • anchor for the cilia
  • 9 triplets
24
Q

Centrosome

A
  • 2 centrioles arranged orthogonally
  • Significant in cell division
  • MTOC of mitotic spindle
25
Q

Actin microfilaments

A
  • Abundant in almost all cells
  • Gives cells shape, locomotion, and cell adhesion (invasive tumor cells are best movers)
  • assists movement of organelles within cell
  • forms core of microvilli; for absorption usually
  • Forms terminal web of cells (under plasma membrane there is a core made of actin)
  • Binds cells together at junctions
  • Actin/Myosin for contractile units in muscle dynamic!
26
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • structural and cell-specific
  • keratin filaments: epithelial cells
  • vimentin filaments: mesenchymal cells
  • desmin filaments: striated & smooth muscle cells
  • glial filaments: astrocytes
  • neurofilaments: neurons
27
Q

Cell specific (intermediate filaments)

A
  • cytokeratins: epithelial origin
  • vimentin: mesenchymal origin; fibroblasts
  • desmin: muscle; not vascular smooth muscle
  • glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP; astrocytes
  • neurofilament: neurons
  • peripherin: peripheral nervous system neurons
  • lamin: nucleus
28
Q

Intermediate Filament Function

A
  • Bind cells to each other at desmosomes
  • Bind cells to each other at hemi-desmosomes
  • Exploited to identify the anatomic origin of tumors
29
Q

Normal Cytoplasmic Inclusions

A

1) Usually metabolites and pigments
- lipid droplets-steroid producing cells and adipose
- glycogen granules-skeletal muscle, liver
- melanin-skin
2) Can also be left-over indigestible bits from lysosomes
- Lipofuscin granules: common in neurons
- Hemosiderin: residue from eating red blood cells
- Macrophages can get engorged during inflammation

30
Q

Abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions

A
  • Negri bodies: in neurons after rabies infection
  • Nuclear halos with Herpes simplex infection
  • Cytoplasmic inclusions with cytomegalovirus
  • some viruses will form crystalline arrays

Histology (7 decks)

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