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Cell Bio > Cell Intro > Flashcards

Cell Intro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann do

A
  • determined that cells are the universal building blocks of all living tissue
  • this led to modern cell theory
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2
Q

how dod Schleiden and Schwann come to their discoveries

A

through examination of plant and animal tissues

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3
Q

what are the elements of cell theory

A
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • new cells are generated only from preexisting cells
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4
Q

do cells look different based on their function

A

yes

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5
Q

what have prokaryotic cells

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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6
Q

what have eukaryotic cells

A
  • plant
  • animal
  • fungi
  • protists and other complex unicellular organisms
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7
Q

describe the differences in nuclei between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote absent
  • eukaryote present
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8
Q

describe the differences in cell size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote 1um
  • eukaryote 10-100um
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9
Q

describe the differences in structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote unicellular
  • eukaryote mostly multicellular, some unicellular
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10
Q

describe the differences in cytoskeleton between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote simple
  • eukaryote complex
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11
Q

describe the differences in membrane-bound organelles between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote absent
  • eukaryote present
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12
Q

describe the differences in DNA content between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote 1-5 million base pairs
  • eukaryote 15 million to 5 billion base pairs
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13
Q

describe the differences in chromosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • prokaryote circular, single
  • eukaryote linear, multiple
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14
Q

where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus present
  • found in distinct areas
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15
Q

where are ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells

A

free in cytoplasm

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16
Q

describe the envelope of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • inner plasma membrane
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • lipopolysaccharide outer membrane (in some cases)
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17
Q

describe a key feature of dictyostelium discoideum

A
  • unicellular
  • when nutrients are scarce, they turn into a multicellular “slug” to go look for food
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18
Q

describe the internal membranes of eukaryotic cells

A
  • lots of membranes (both internal and external)
  • internal membranes organize and create intracellular compartments w diff functions
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19
Q

describe the plasma membrane role

A
  • selective barrier that separated a cell form its surroundings
  • composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded w proteins and sometimes carbohydrates
  • facilitates intra and extracellular communication through budding and fusing of vesicles in the processes of endo and exocytosis
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20
Q

describe the nucleus

A
  • contains most of the DNA of the cell
  • prominent nucleoli may be visible
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21
Q

what encloses the nucleus

A
  • 2 concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope
  • perforated by nuclear pores
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22
Q

what happens when DNA and protein combine

A

forms chromatin

23
Q

describe the mitochondria

A
  • harnesses energy from food molecules to produce ATP
24
Q

what encloses the mitochondria

A
  • 2 membranes: smooth outer and highly convoluted inner
25
Q

describe DNA in mitochondria

A
  • mitochondria have their own DNA
  • reproduce by dividing
26
Q

describe chloroplasts

A
  • large, green organelles found in plants and lagae
  • capture energy from sunlight
27
Q

what encloses chloroplasts

A
  • 2 membranes
  • also possess internal stacks of membranes containing chlorophyll
28
Q

describe DNA in chloroplasts

A
  • contain their own DNA
  • reproduce by dividing
29
Q

describe endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed within a membrane that is continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • involved in the production of many cell components
30
Q

describe rough ER

A
  • studded with ribosomes
  • translate RNA into protein
31
Q

describe smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • involved in the synthesis/ storage of lipids
32
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A
  • comprised of stacks of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs
  • typically located near the nucleus
  • modified and packages molecules made in the ER that are to be secreted or transported to another cell compartment
33
Q

what is the cytosol

A
  • part of the cytoplasm not containing within intracellular membranes
  • very crowded with molecules
34
Q

how does the cytosol behave

A

like a water-based gel

35
Q

what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

A
  • cytoplasm everything in the cell
  • cytosol the “empty space” around the other organelles
36
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do

A
  • governs internal organization
  • strength
  • shape
  • movement
37
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

protein filaments (anchored across the cell)

38
Q

what are the primary kinds of cytoskeleton

A
  • actin filaments muscle contraction
  • microtubules helps during cell division
  • intermediate cell structure and strength
39
Q

what came first: RNA or DNA

A

RNA

40
Q

if RNA came first, what are two things that RNA must be able to do

A
  • store genetic info
  • facilitate its own replication via catalytic properties
41
Q

what about the central dogma confused researchers, and what was the solution

A
  • AA were needed to form proteins, but proteins were needed to form AA
  • one needed to be there before the other in order to create the other
  • solution must have been autocatalytic
42
Q

what does autocatalytic mean

A

feeds into itself

43
Q

describe the RNA world hypothesis as it evolved to where we are now

A
  • initially autocatalytic RNA only forming itself
  • RNA then begins to direct protein synthesis
  • DNA then takes over as genetic material, RNA becomes an intermediate between DNA and protein
44
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory

A
  • explains the origin of eukaryotic cells
  • eukaryotes might have originated as a predator that ate other cells
  • suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were eaten by a eukaryote and thats how they become special organelles
45
Q

what characteristics of mitochondria support the endosymbiont theory

A
  • own DNA (circular)
  • double membranes
  • self-replicating
46
Q

what are used too study life’s common heritage and how

A
  • genomic comparisons
  • can use this info to relate one biological system to another
47
Q

what are some key features of a model system

A
  • reproduce rapidly
  • convenient for genetic manipulation
  • easy to handle in a lab setting
48
Q

why do we use e. coli as a model organism

A
  • understand the working more thoroughly than any other living organism
  • lives in the gut of humans and other vertebrates, but also grows happily and rapidly in a culture bottle
  • we’ve learnt a lot about genes and DNA from them
49
Q

why do we use yeast as a model system

A
  • is a simple eukaryote (we are eukaryotes too)
  • easy and cheap to keep and reprodues rapidly
  • reproduces almost as rapidly as bacteria, but is a eukaryote
  • taught us a lot about cell division
50
Q

why do we use arabidopsis as a model system

A
  • can be grown indoors in large numbers
  • one plant can produce thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks
  • taught us a lot about the physiology of crop plants that our lives depend on
51
Q

why do we study caenorhabditis elegans as a model system

A
  • a worm that attacks roots of crops
  • develops with clockwork precision, and always has exactly 959 body cells
  • has an incredibly precise minute by minute understanding of how they develop
52
Q

why do we study drosophila melanogaster as a model system

A
  • shows us how genetic instructions in DNA direct zygote development
  • d. melanogaster mutants with odd patterns or limbs give the key to identifying genes that are needed for a proper body
  • these genes are very similar to those of humans
53
Q

why do we study d rerio as a model system

A
  • they are transparent for the first two weeks of their life
  • provides an idea system to observe how cells behave during development in a living animal
54
Q

what is another name for d rerio

A

zebrafish

Cell Bio (11 decks)

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