cell injury Necrosis

Question 1

what is pathology

Answer 1

Study of disease and suffering

Question 2

What is etiology

Answer 2

Origin of disease and its underlying causes and modifiers

Why a disease occurs

Question 3

what is pathogenesis

Answer 3

Development of a disease from molecular/cellular changes to functional and structural abnormalities
How a disease occurs

Question 4

are cause and effect relationships easy for etiology

Answer 4

no

Question 5

does CEll injury occur in all pathology

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

when does clinical signs and symptoms of disease occur

Answer 6

several steps after the biochemical changes associated with cell injury

Question 7

Why does Cell injury occur

Answer 7

from disruption of 1 or more components that maintain viability

Question 8

what does cell injury lead to

Answer 8

a cascade of effects

Question 9

what happens to the cell after cell injury

Answer 9

May be reversible

may result in cell adpatation or lead to cell death

Question 10

causes of cell injury for a patient’s view

Answer 10

Hypoxia
Infectious agents
Physical injury
Chemicals/drugs
Immune response
Genetic abnormalities
Nutritional imbalances

Question 11

what is a hypoxic injury

Answer 11

Injury due to lack of oxygen (often due to a lack of blood flow)

Question 12

do all tissues respond to hypoxic injury the same

Answer 12

No, bone needs less oxygen, where-as hearts and brain need more

Question 13

what, in general, can lead to cell injury

Answer 13

Different factors acting at the same cellular site producing injury

Question 14

what are the usualy cellular targets of injury

Answer 14

Cell membranes
Mitochondria
Cell proteins
DNA

Question 15

what are some of the cell injury mechanisms

Answer 15

ATP Depletion
Generation of Reactive oxygen species
Loss of Ca++ homeostasis
Altered membrane permeability
Mitochondrial damage
DNA and Protein damage

Question 16

How does Hypoxia-Ischemia affect ATP

Answer 16

leads to a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation which ultimately decreases ATP

Question 17

the decrease in ATP from the Hypoxia-Ischemia leads to

Answer 17

Decrease in the activity of Na pump
an increase in anerobic glycolysis
Detachment of ribosomes from the RER

Question 18

decrease in action of the Na pump from hypoxia-Ischemia

Answer 18

Influx of Ca, H2O and Na
Efflux of K
- leads to ER swelling, cellular swelling, loss of microvilla and Blebs

Question 19

the increase in Anaerobic glycolysis from hypoxia-ISchemia leads to

Answer 19

Decrease in glyogen

increase in lactive acid, lowering pH, and clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 20

the detachment of ribosomes from hypoxia-ISchemia leads to

Answer 20

Decrease in PRotein synth and lipid deposition

Question 21

what are Reactive OXygen Species

Answer 21

Free Radicals

Question 22

why do REactive Oxygen Species exist

Answer 22

Inflammation
Oxygen toxicity
Chemical/drug - metabolism
Radiation - UV, X-rays
Aging

Question 23

how is superoxide and hydrogen peroxide produced

Answer 23

By auto-oxidation in mitochondria by cytoplasmic oxidases

Question 24

what reaction eventually forms free radical OH

Answer 24

the fenton reaction

Question 25

How does ROS induce Cell Injury

Answer 25

Lipid Peroxidation Protein Fragmentation Single Strand Breaks in DNA

Question 26

Initation of Lipid Peroxidation

Answer 26

LH+X -> L.+XH

Question 27

Propagation of Lipid Peroxidation

Answer 27

L.+O2->LOO. | LOO.+LH->L.+LOOH

Question 28

termination of Lipid PEroxidtion

Answer 28

L.+L.-> non-radical product

Question 29

what does ROS do to DNA

Answer 29

Single-stranded breaks | greater than 30 different base modifications in both purines and pyrimidnes - thymidine and guanine being major sites

Question 30

what controls ROS

Answer 30

ENzymes Antioxidants Serum Proteins

Question 31

what ENzymes control ROS

Answer 31

Catalase, SOD, and Glutahione peroxidase

Question 32

What Antioxidants control ROS

Answer 32

Vitamins E, A, and C, glutathione, cysteine

Question 33

what do Serum proteins do to control ROS

Answer 33

Reduce/bind iron (transferrin, ferritin) and copper (Ceruloplasmin) needed to catalyze the formation of ROS

Question 34

ROS effect on aging

Answer 34

Loss of antioxidants leads to ROS being more detrimental

Question 35

what does an increase in cytoplasmic ionic ca do

Answer 35

ATPase: decreases ATP Phospholipase: decrease Phospholipids Protease: Protein Disruption Endonuclease: DNA damge

Question 36

normal cyoplasmic Ca

Answer 36

.1 micromolar

Question 37

Normal Extracellular Ca

Answer 37

1.3 millimolar

Question 38

what may also cause cell membrane injury

Answer 38

``` Complement - C5-C9 MAC Cytotoxic T and NK cells - perforin Virus Bacterial Endotoxins and Exotoxins Drugs ```

Question 39

what happens first Biochem alterationsor morphologic changes

Answer 39

Biochemical alterations occur 1st

Question 40

what determines the degree of cell injury

Answer 40

Physiologic state of the cell Intensity of insult Duration of insult number of exposures to insult

Question 41

results of cell injury

Answer 41

Reversed Cell adaptation cell death

Question 42

what causes cell adpatation

Answer 42

lots of small exposures

Question 43

how may a cell adapt

Answer 43

Changes in size number functional modification Intracellular accumulations

Question 44

sefverity of that which causes Reversiible cell injury

Answer 44

Acute process

Question 45

description of reversible cell injuy

Answer 45

Cell injury of short duration and low intensity

Question 46

Causes of Reversible cell injury

Answer 46

Ischemia Exposure to toxin Infectious aagents Thermal injury

Question 47

what does plasma membrane injury lead to

Answer 47

Increased intracellular Na | isosomotic gain in water and cell swelling

Question 48

when does Cell death occur

Answer 48

when an insult overcomes compensation mechanisms

Question 49

what is the signature biochemical event that equates with cell death

Answer 49

It does not exist

Question 50

order of death and injury over time

Answer 50

Cell death Ultrastructural changes Light microscopic changes GRoss morpholoic changes

Question 51

what happens to cell proteins after death

Answer 51

Released

Question 52

what are the morphologic types of necrosis

Answer 52

Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous Enzymatic (fat)

Question 53

what determines necrosis type

Answer 53

Patterns of enzymatic degradation of cells and extracellular matrix the type of necrotic debris bacterial products when present

Question 54

characteristsics in coagulative necrosis

Answer 54

Cell outline Pink cytoplasm Anucleated cells

Question 55

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 55

Turns tissue into liquid

Question 56

caseous necrosis

Answer 56

Gains cheese like appearance as a soft white protein masss