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Apoptosis and Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

why have apoptosis

A

Maintainer of homeostasis

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2
Q

Uses for Apoptosis

A

Normal Cell turnover
Embryogenesis
Immune function

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3
Q

why have a normal cell turnover

A

Cells with short half-life

Tissue involution due to loss of growth factor stimulation

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4
Q

importance of Apoptosis in immune function

A

Elimination of auto-reactive T cells

NK and CTL killing of foreign cells

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5
Q

what would cause excessive Apoptosis

A

AIDS Ischemia
Neurodegenerative diseases
Myelodysplasia
Toxin induced liver injury

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6
Q

what causes inhibition of Apoptosis

A

Cancer - Folllicular lymphoma, carcinomas of the boob, prostate and ovaries
Autoimmune disease - SLE
viral disease: HSV, poxvirus, adenovirus

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7
Q

what generally happens in apoptosis

A 
Chromatin condensation
Cell shrinkage
Blebbing
Apoptosic body
phagocytosis with no inflammation
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8
Q

mechanisms of apoptosis

A 
mitochondrial/intrinsic pathway
death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
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9
Q

what causes mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis

A

CEll injury via:
GRowth factor withdrawal
DNA damage
Protein misfolding

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10
Q

what causes the death receptor (extrinsic pathway

A

Receptor-ligand Interactions

  • fas
  • TNF rector
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11
Q

pathway for mitochondrial (intrinsic pathway)

A

cell injury activates BCL-2 family sensors
this activates BCL-2 family effectors (bax, bak)
to mitochondria which activates Cytochrome C and other pro-apoptotic proteins
INitiator caspases
Execution caspases
breakdwon of cytoskelton and endonuclease activation

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12
Q

pathway of death recepto pathways

A 
receptor binding leads to activation of adaptor protein
initiator caspases
Executioner caspases
Breakdown of cytoskeleton
Endonuclease activation
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13
Q

major difference in necrosis and Apoptosis

A

Necrosis involves swelling with leakage of contents

Apoptosis involves shrinkage with no spilling

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14
Q

stimuli in necrosis vs apoptosis

A

Necrosis is pathologic and Apoptosis is physiolgoic and pathologic

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15
Q

morphology of necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis is multiple cells, with swelling and lysis

Apoptosis is single cell with shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and apoptosis bodies

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16
Q

Response by host to necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis: inflammation
Apoptosis: no inflammation

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17
Q

what causes adaptive changes

A

Persistent (Chronic) stress/injury

18
Q

are morhologic changes specific to type of chronic stress

A

No, seldom specific

19
Q

similar responses at the cel level do what to the organ

A

may lead to different morphologic changes in the organ, despite similar respond in cell

20
Q

are chronic cell injury insults very big

A

Might be minimal

21
Q

length of chronic cell injury

A

is prolonged compared to acute cell injury

22
Q

what are celular adaptations

A

Change in cell size
Change in cell number
Changes in cell differentiation
Abnormal intracellular accumulations

23
Q

atrophy

A

shrinking cells

24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Growing cells

25
Q

Hyperplasia

A

More cells

26
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changes in cell differentiation with concurrent alterations of tissue organ function

27
Q

when does cellular adaptations lead to greater output from tisssue

A

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

28
Q

causes of etrophy

A 
Decreases workload
Loss of inervation
Decreased blood
Inadeqate nutration
Decreased hormonal stimulation
aging
local pressure
29
Q

what is squamous metaplasia of the bronchus

A

when the normal columnar epithlium becomes squamous

- no longer ciliary, so have to cuagh

30
Q

what is intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus

A

where the esophagus starts to become like the intestines due to lots of vomiting

31
Q

what is the normal constituents of cells

A

H2O, lipids, protein, carbs, maybe some calcium

32
Q

what are the abnormal substances of cells

A

Endogenous or exogenous, pigments

33
Q

mechanisms of intracellular accumulations

A

Abnormal metabolism
Defect in protein folding and transport
lack of enzyme
Ingestion of indigestible materials

34
Q

what happens in the defect in protein folding and trasport

A

accumulation of abnormal proteins

35
Q

technical name of fatty liver

A

TRiglyceride Accumulation steatosis

36
Q

Xanthoma

A

CHolresterol Accumulation

37
Q

what do cells look like in from cholesterol accumulation Xanthoma

A

Foamy macrophages filled with cholesterol

38
Q

what does Cholesterol in vessels lead to

A

Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol thrombus

39
Q

what diseases are caused by protein accumulation

A

Alpha1-anti-trypsin deficiency
Mallory bodies
Alzheimer’s

40
Q

what does glycogen storage disease lead to

A

More glycogen
more lipid
big decerase in glucose 6-phosphatase activity
decreased phosphorylase activity
decreased fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activity

general path (16 decks)

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