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3. Week 2 - General Pathological Mechanisms > Cell injury, degeneration and death > Flashcards

Cell injury, degeneration and death Flashcards

1
Q

What would be the outcome of damage to the mitochondria?

A

disrupted aerobic respiration/ATP synthesis

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2
Q

What would be the outcome of damage to the cell membrane?

A

disrupted ion concentrations especially increased calcium ions

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3
Q

What would be the outcome of damage to the cytoplasm (inc. ribosomes, etc.)

A

disrupted enzyme and structural protein synthesis and architecture

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4
Q

What would be the outcome of damage to the nucleus?

A

disrupted DNA maintenance and DNA damage

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5
Q

What causes oxidative stress?

A
  • reactive oxygen species (free radicals)
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6
Q

How are ROS normally made?

A

in small amounts as by-product of respiration

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7
Q

How are ROS pathologically made?

A

absorption of radiation, toxic chemicals, hypoxia, etc.

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8
Q

Name common signs of reversible change in a cell

A
  • cloudy swelling (osmotic disturbance)
  • disrupted microvilli, swollen mitochondria, cytoplasmic blebs
  • fatty change (accumulation)
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9
Q

Describe necrosis

A

cell death following injury which is usually uncontrolled and due to external stimuli

N.B. Always pathological

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10
Q

Describe apoptosis

A

Controlled cell death - ‘programmed’

  • usually physiological
  • can be pathological, e.g. viral infection
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11
Q

What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A 
necrosis = cells burst and contents leak
apoptosis = controlled, no disruption of membrane, requires energy
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12
Q

Karyolysis

A

nucleus fading

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13
Q

pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage

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14
Q

karyorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation

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15
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

firm, tissue outline retained

  • haemorrhagic: due to bloackage of venous drainage
  • gangrenous: larger area, especially lower leg
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16
Q

colliquitive necrosis

A

tissue becomes liquid and its structure is lost
(e.g. infective abcess, cerebral infarct)

N.B. occurs particularly in tissues with little fibrous tissue

17
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

combination of coagulative and colliquitive, appearing cheese like
- classical for granulomatous inflammation, especially TB

18
Q

Fat necrosis

A

due to action of lipases on fatty tissue

19
Q

What are the effects of necrosis

A
  • functional effects depend on the tissue/organ
  • inflammation occurs due to release of cell contents
    > either acute or chronic
20
Q

Name pathological causes of apoptosis

A
  • viral infection
  • dna damage
  • hypoxia/ischaemia
21
Q

Describe the cell morphology of apoptosis

A
  • cell shrinkage
  • chromatin condensation (packaging up of nucleus)
  • membranes of cell, etc. remain intact
  • cytopplasmic blebs form and break off to form apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed by macrophages
22
Q

depositions

A

abnormal accumulation of substances

23
Q

endogenous depostions

A
  • normal products of metabolism, incl. protein, lipid and carbohydrate
  • pigments
24
Q

exogenous depositions

A

foreign material

  • pigments
  • industrial material
25
Q

amyloid depositions

A

abnormal folding of soluble protein fibrils into specific abnormal insoluble aggregates

26
Q

Describe the morphology of amyloid aggregates

A

resembles fibrosis but without prior inflammation

27
Q

How does amyloid occur?

A
  • excessive production/accumulation of a normal protein; OR
  • production/accumulation of an abnormal protein; AND
  • tendency of protein to misfold
28
Q

Name two types of systemic deposition as an example of accumulation of excessive amount of normal protein

A

AL amyloid
- immunoglobulin light chain, produced in B-cell neoplasms

AA amyloid

  • serum amyloid associated protein produced in the liver
  • produced in prolinged chronic inflammation, e.g. RA
29
Q

Name two types of localised deposition as an example of accumulation of abnormal protein

A

e.g. alzheimer’s, genetic variants

30
Q

Give examples of the outcomes of amyloid in organs

A
  • Kidney: renal impairment or failure
  • Heart: heart failure
  • Brain: dementia
31
Q

What is pathological calcification?

A

deposition of calcium salts

32
Q

What are the types of pathological calcification?

A
  • dystrophic

- metastatic

33
Q

Describe dystrophic pathological calcification

A

deposition in abnormal tissue with normal serum calcium

34
Q

Describe metastatic pathological calcification

A
  • deposition in normal, living tissue, with raised serum calcium
  • often in connective tissue of blood vessels
  • can compromise tissue function
35
Q

What are the causes of raised serum calcium?

A

increased levels of parathyroid hormone

  • primary: parathyroid gland tumour
  • secondary: kidney disease

may be systemic effect with cancer

3. Week 2 - General Pathological Mechanisms (12 decks)

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