Cell Injury/Death/Adaptation (Cawley)

Question 1

What is Pathology?

Answer 1

The study of the structure, function and change in cells and tissues in organs that underlie diseases.

Question 2

4 steps of the pathological analysis

Answer 2

Question 3

5 ways cells can react to injury?

Answer 3

Question 4

What does persistent stress lead to in a cell?
What are 5 methods of adaptation relief to get the cell back to normal when stressed?
What can reversible cell injury lead to if severe?

Answer 4

Question 5

Describe adaptation response for a myocyte (look at the images too!)
How long does it take a myocyte to undergo necrosis? Causes?

Answer 5

Question 6

Name some etiological agents that can leads to cell injury

Answer 6

Question 7

5 general mechanism of cell injury

Answer 7

Question 8

5 was free radicals can be abnormally unregulated? Three types of activated oxygen

Answer 8

O2-, H2O2, -OH

Question 9

Ionizing radiation can produce a hydroxyl radical through radiolysis. What effect would this have on proliferating cells, and non-proliferating cells?

Answer 9

Question 10

What is the most damaging radical? How could the ferrous iron reaction result in this? What two abnormalities would be needed?

Answer 10

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) loses an electron during conversion to the ferric (Fe3+) state.

Question 11

What are endogenous antioxidants and what are exogenous antioxidants?

Answer 11

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation

Question 12

Describe Ca/Mg pump and what happens when disrupted.

Answer 12

Question 13

Describe injurious stimuli effects on membrane damage (3 possible abnormal outcomes) Intracellular Ca and ROS.

Answer 13

Question 14

Worst result in Mitochondrial dysfunction? What is MPT?

Answer 14

Question 15

4 steps (in a way) of acute cellular injury, causing reversible response?

Answer 15

Question 16

ischemia can lead to disruptions in mitochondrial processing, leading to low levels of ATP? What three big responses can happen when ATP levels are low like this during reversible cell injury?

Answer 16

Question 17

What makes a cell irreversible injury?

Answer 17

PERMANENT Mitochondria damage or cell membrane damage.

Question 18

4 things that could very well mean that irreversible cell injury is happening and not reversible?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the critical factor in cell death?

Answer 19

Membrane damage! —-> ATP depletion, Ca+ activation (Proteases phospholipases) and O2 derived free radicals.

Question 20

How long does it take to view a dead cell?

Answer 20

it can take hours or even days with even a microscope. The enzymes take time to break down and burn things! But it is already way past committed so they is no stopping it! Even with terrible infarction in the heart, if a patient were to die and you immediately checked his heart there would be no notable changes, until hours, maybe days.

Question 21

Summary, just peep it! :)

Answer 21

Question 22

Necrosis vs Apoptosis?

Answer 22

Question 23

Just for an idea (I do not think this is stressed) describe necroptosis and Pyroptosis?

Answer 23

Question 24

Two major types of necrosis, other common types? (5) total

Answer 24

Question 25

White tissue in the heart?

Answer 25

Scar tissue

Question 25

White tissue in the heart?

Answer 25

Scar tissue

Question 26

What should you think with Caseous Necrosis?

Answer 26

TB, until proven otherwise, needing micro bacterium and fungal. Invaders are usually these two things in nature.

Question 27

Apoptosis? Physiological or pathological? Gene regulation? Inflammation? Morphology?

Answer 27

Question 28

Apoptosis Pathology examples? (5)

Answer 28

DNA damage, Accumulation of misfiled proteins, Cytotoxic T cells in transplants, Viral hepatitis, and atrophy in gland with blocked duck.

Question 29

Necrosis vs Apoptosis: Cells, mechanisms, inflammation, DAMPs/PAMPs

Answer 29

Question 30

Chronic cell injury; explain lysosomal auto-Nagy

Answer 30

Question 31

What is Steatosis? Where is it most common? Most common cause?

Answer 31

Steatosis is fatty change, most commonly in the liver. Alcohol is the most common cause, decreased fatty acid oxidation.

Question 32

How do you go from alcohol to cirrhosis?

Answer 32

Question 33

What are Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Atrophy and Metaplasia

Answer 33

Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells Hypertrophy - increase in size of cells Atrophy - Cell size decreases Metaplasia - One benign cell type to another benign cell type

Question 34

Where wound you find liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 34

Abscesses, also only type of necrosis seen in the brain.

Question 35

Hypertrophy Physiological and Pathological changes?

Answer 35

Question 36

Atrophy Physiological and Pathological

Answer 36

Question 37

Describe metaplasia

Answer 37