Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomical pathology > Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations > Flashcards

Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in size of cells resulting in increased size of organ.

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Increase in number of cells.

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertrophy of hyperplasia? Uterus during pregnancy

A

Both Estrogen stimulated SM hyperthrophy and hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Wound healing

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
Female breast at puberty

A

Both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cellular adaptation of non-dividing cells such as myocardial fibers.

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 50 y/o male has untreated hypertension for several years. What cellular alteration will be most likely seen in the myocardium?

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A 40 y/o male underwent partial hepatectomy. What cellular adaptation will the liver most likely undergo?

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle

A

Increased workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A 65 y/o male presents with 3-month history of weak stream, straining, and hesitancy. There is no history of prostate cancer. Prostate was severely enlarged without nodules. PSA level is 3 mcg. What cellular adaptation does the prostate most likely undergo?

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stimulus for hyperplasia in BPH

A

Hormonal stimulation by androgens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cellular adaptation in papilloma virus infection

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in cell size and number

A

Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A 60 y/o female has been experiencing hot flushes and irritability. Her uterine epithelium will most likely reveal what type of cellular adaptation?

A

Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A 49 y/o female had a chronic history of heartburn. Biopsy done showed glandular changes in the distal epithelium of the esophagus. What cellular adaptation is present?

A

Metaplasia. This is a case of Barret’s esophagus (squamous to glandular epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The basal cell changes seen in reflux esophagitis is an example of this adaptive change

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most common epithelial metaplasia

A

Columnar to squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of metaplasia in trachea and bronchi in habitual cigarette smoking

A

Columnar to squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Its hallmarks are reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP and cellular swelling

A

Reversible injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Type of cell death characterized by nuclear dissolution, without complete loss of membrane integrity.

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type of cell death which is energy-dependent, tightly regulated, and associated with normal cellular functions.

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type of cell death which results from a pathologic cell injury.

A

Necrosis

24
Q

Type of cell death associated with inflammation.

A

Necrosis

25
Q

It is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis. It is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.

A

Pyknosis

26
Q

It is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell.

A

Karyorrhexis

27
Q

It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell.

A

Karyolysis

28
Q

This is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

A

Cellular swelling

29
Q

Small clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm, representing pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Hydropic change or Vacuolar degeneration

30
Q

Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

A

Fatty Change (Steatosis)

31
Q

A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved. The affected tissues take on a firm texture.

A

Coagulative necrosis

32
Q

Characterized by digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

A

Liquefactive necrosis

33
Q

Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity. The foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.

A

Fat necrosis

34
Q

Friable, white appearance of necoris. It appears as a structureless collection of fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border.

A

Caseous necrosis

35
Q

Obstruction of the blood supply would lead to which type of pathologic process in the brain parenchyma?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

36
Q

The type of necrosis seen in tissue injury associated with acute pancreatitis

A

Enzymatic fat necrosis

37
Q

A 32 y/o male complains of chronic cough and weight loss. CXR showed an ill-defined mass along the apex of the right lobe. Sputum AFB was positive. Biopsy of the lung will most likely reveal what kind of necrosis?

A

Caseative necrosis

38
Q

These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.

A

Free radicals

39
Q

Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.

A

Ischemia

40
Q

Type of cell death in embryogenesis

A

Apoptosis

41
Q

Type of cell death in menopause

A

Apoptosis

42
Q

Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart and kidneys.

A

Fatty change/Steatosis

43
Q

Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.

A

Foam cells

44
Q

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Cardiomegaly due to hypertension

A

Hypertrophy due to increased workload

45
Q

Focal, intracellular fat deposits creating alternating bands of yellowed myocardium with alternating bands of darker red-brown uninvolved heart or “tigered effect”.

A

Fatty change of the heart

46
Q

Rounded, eosinophilic accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins in the rough ER of plasma cells.

A

Russel bodies

47
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells composed of aggregated intermediate filaments which resist degradation. Seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

A

Mallory body / “alcoholic hyalin”

48
Q

What substance accumulates in the cytoplasm of liver cells in steatosis?

A

Triglyceride

49
Q

Mechanism of triglyceride accumulation in malnutrition

A

Defective transport

50
Q

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death

A

Reduction in ATP levels

51
Q

Alteration within the cells or in the extracellular space that gives a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearnce in H&E histologic section

A

Hyaline change

52
Q

What type of necrosis is most characteristic of ischemia involving the heart or kidney?

A

Coagulative necrosis

53
Q

What type of necrosis is most often caused by sudden ischemia from vascular occlusion?

A

Coagulative necrosis

54
Q

A 56 y/o man died after 24-hour hospitalization for severe crushing chest pain. The type of necrosis of myocardium will most likely reveal

A

Coagulative necrosis

55
Q

After a tibial fracture in a 19 year old football player, the leg is immobilized to permit healing. The leg muscles decrease in size due to: (A) decrease in cell size, (B) decrease in cell number, (C) inadequate nutrition, (D) loss of hormonal stimulation

A

A. Decrease in cell size (atrophy)

Anatomical pathology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions