Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations

Question 1

Increase in size of cells resulting in increased size of organ.

Answer 1

Hypertrophy

Question 2

Increase in number of cells.

Answer 2

Hyperplasia

Question 3

Hypertrophy of hyperplasia? Uterus during pregnancy

Answer 3

Both Estrogen stimulated SM hyperthrophy and hyperplasia

Question 4

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Wound healing

Answer 4

Hyperplasia

Question 5

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
Female breast at puberty

Answer 5

Both.

Question 6

Cellular adaptation of non-dividing cells such as myocardial fibers.

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

Question 7

A 50 y/o male has untreated hypertension for several years. What cellular alteration will be most likely seen in the myocardium?

Answer 7

Hypertrophy

Question 8

A 40 y/o male underwent partial hepatectomy. What cellular adaptation will the liver most likely undergo?

Answer 8

Hyperplasia

Question 9

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle

Answer 9

Increased workload

Question 10

A 65 y/o male presents with 3-month history of weak stream, straining, and hesitancy. There is no history of prostate cancer. Prostate was severely enlarged without nodules. PSA level is 3 mcg. What cellular adaptation does the prostate most likely undergo?

Answer 10

Hyperplasia

Question 11

Stimulus for hyperplasia in BPH

Answer 11

Hormonal stimulation by androgens.

Question 12

Cellular adaptation in papilloma virus infection

Answer 12

Hyperplasia

Question 13

Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in cell size and number

Answer 13

Atrophy

Question 14

A 60 y/o female has been experiencing hot flushes and irritability. Her uterine epithelium will most likely reveal what type of cellular adaptation?

Answer 14

Atrophy

Question 15

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.

Answer 15

Metaplasia

Question 16

A 49 y/o female had a chronic history of heartburn. Biopsy done showed glandular changes in the distal epithelium of the esophagus. What cellular adaptation is present?

Answer 16

Metaplasia. This is a case of Barret’s esophagus (squamous to glandular epithelium)

Question 17

The basal cell changes seen in reflux esophagitis is an example of this adaptive change

Answer 17

Metaplasia

Question 18

Most common epithelial metaplasia

Answer 18

Columnar to squamous

Question 19

Type of metaplasia in trachea and bronchi in habitual cigarette smoking

Answer 19

Columnar to squamous

Question 20

Its hallmarks are reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP and cellular swelling

Answer 20

Reversible injury

Question 21

Type of cell death characterized by nuclear dissolution, without complete loss of membrane integrity.

Answer 21

Apoptosis

Question 22

Type of cell death which is energy-dependent, tightly regulated, and associated with normal cellular functions.

Answer 22

Apoptosis

Question 23

Type of cell death which results from a pathologic cell injury.

Answer 23

Necrosis

Question 24

Type of cell death associated with inflammation.

Answer 24

Necrosis

Question 25

It is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis. It is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.

Answer 25

Pyknosis

Question 26

It is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell.

Answer 26

Karyorrhexis

Question 27

It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell.

Answer 27

Karyolysis

Question 28

This is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

Answer 28

Cellular swelling

Question 29

Small clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm, representing pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 29

Hydropic change or Vacuolar degeneration

Question 30

Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

Answer 30

Fatty Change (Steatosis)

Question 31

A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved. The affected tissues take on a firm texture.

Answer 31

Coagulative necrosis

Question 32

Characterized by digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

Answer 32

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 33

Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity. The foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.

Answer 33

Fat necrosis

Question 34

Friable, white appearance of necoris. It appears as a structureless collection of fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border.

Answer 34

Caseous necrosis

Question 35

Obstruction of the blood supply would lead to which type of pathologic process in the brain parenchyma?

Answer 35

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 36

The type of necrosis seen in tissue injury associated with acute pancreatitis

Answer 36

Enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 37

A 32 y/o male complains of chronic cough and weight loss. CXR showed an ill-defined mass along the apex of the right lobe. Sputum AFB was positive. Biopsy of the lung will most likely reveal what kind of necrosis?

Answer 37

Caseative necrosis

Question 38

These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.

Answer 38

Free radicals

Question 39

Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.

Answer 39

Ischemia

Question 40

Type of cell death in embryogenesis

Answer 40

Apoptosis

Question 41

Type of cell death in menopause

Answer 41

Apoptosis

Question 42

Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart and kidneys.

Answer 42

Fatty change/Steatosis

Question 43

Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.

Answer 43

Foam cells

Question 44

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Cardiomegaly due to hypertension

Answer 44

Hypertrophy due to increased workload

Question 45

Focal, intracellular fat deposits creating alternating bands of yellowed myocardium with alternating bands of darker red-brown uninvolved heart or “tigered effect”.

Answer 45

Fatty change of the heart

Question 46

Rounded, eosinophilic accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins in the rough ER of plasma cells.

Answer 46

Russel bodies

Question 47

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells composed of aggregated intermediate filaments which resist degradation. Seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Answer 47

Mallory body / “alcoholic hyalin”

Question 48

What substance accumulates in the cytoplasm of liver cells in steatosis?

Answer 48

Triglyceride

Question 49

Mechanism of triglyceride accumulation in malnutrition

Answer 49

Defective transport

Question 50

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death

Answer 50

Reduction in ATP levels

Question 51

Alteration within the cells or in the extracellular space that gives a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearnce in H&E histologic section

Answer 51

Hyaline change

Question 52

What type of necrosis is most characteristic of ischemia involving the heart or kidney?

Answer 52

Coagulative necrosis

Question 53

What type of necrosis is most often caused by sudden ischemia from vascular occlusion?

Answer 53

Coagulative necrosis

Question 54

A 56 y/o man died after 24-hour hospitalization for severe crushing chest pain. The type of necrosis of myocardium will most likely reveal

Answer 54

Coagulative necrosis

Question 55

After a tibial fracture in a 19 year old football player, the leg is immobilized to permit healing. The leg muscles decrease in size due to: (A) decrease in cell size, (B) decrease in cell number, (C) inadequate nutrition, (D) loss of hormonal stimulation

Answer 55

A. Decrease in cell size (atrophy)