Cell Injury and cell death

Question 1

Fancy name for cause of disease

Answer 1

Aetiology

Question 2

Three main causes of disease

Answer 2

1. Genetic
2. Acquired
3. Multifactorial

Question 3

complete the boxes

Answer 3

Question 4

Mechanisms of cell injury:
1. Mechanical _____ of cells
2. Insufficient ______
3. Blockage of _______ _____
4. Failure of membrane ___________
5. generation of _____ _____
6. Damage to _______
7. Release of _________ contents

Answer 4

1. disruption
2. energy
3. metabolic pathways
4. pumps
5. free radicals
6. DNA
7. lysosomal

Question 5

What are three mains sites of cellular damage?

Answer 5

1. Mitochondria
2. Lysosome
3. Plasma Membrane

Question 6

Neurones and cardiac muscle use ________ _______ and not glycolysis to make ATP. So, they need a lot of ______ and during ATP depletion, they can get hurt more easily than other cells = __________ ___________

Answer 6

oxidative phosphorylation
energy
selective vulnerability

Question 7

cystolic free ________ levels are 10 fold lower than extracellular fluid and maintained by _________ dependent pumps. _______ and some ______ cause early release of calcium into cytosol.

Answer 7

calcium
ATP
Ischaemia
toxins

Question 8

_______ _________ ________ (free radicals) accumulate when production of cells exceed the antioxidant defenses leading to _________ ________.

Answer 8

Reactive oxygen species
oxidative stress

Question 9

Loss of capacity of _______ _________ to maintain ionic balance between compartments occurs as a consequence of cell injury. This especially affects the ________

Answer 9

plasma membrane
mitochondria

Question 10

2 Main examples of reversible cell injury:
1. Reduced _______ __________ resulting in depletion of _________ energy _____
2. Cellular ____ caused by changes in ________ concentrations and water __________ = __________ __________

Answer 10

1. oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, stores
2. swelling, ion, influx, hydropic degeneration

Question 11

What are the three main steps in the degeneration / necrosis of kidney?

Answer 11

1. Acute hydropic change
2. vacuolar degeneration in kidney tubules
3. acute tubular necrosis

Question 12

What are the three main morphologies of these in order?

Answer 12

1. Acute hydropic change
2. vacuolar degeneration in kidney tubules
3. acute tubular necrosis

Question 12

what is the common cause of non alcoholic fatty liver disease? NAFLD

Answer 12

Obesity

Question 12

Name the three main boxes in this liver cell

Answer 12

Question 13

What are two main examples of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 13

Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 14

Classify necrosis and apoptosis
i) Catastrophic / programmed
ii) pathological / physiological
iii) Passive/ active

Answer 14

1. Necrosis: Catastrophic + pathological + passive
2. apoptosis: programmed + pathological and physiological + active

Question 15

Fill the boxes

Answer 15

Question 16

When large numbers of cells die, the tissue is __________

Answer 16

necrotic

Question 17

What are the 5 main patterns of necrosis?

Answer 17

1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat Necrosis
5. Fibrinoic Necrosis

Question 18

Fill the boxes

Answer 18

Question 19

Complete the renal infarction analysis

Answer 19

Question 20

Complete the boxes on the differences in myocardial infarction

Answer 20

Question 21

Complete the blanks

Answer 21

Question 22

Fill in the blanks

Answer 22

Question 23

Fill in the boxes

Answer 23

Question 24

Fill

Answer 24

Question 25

In apoptosis:
i) An energy dependent active process in which cells activate ______ ________
ii) These degrade the cells own _______ and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
iii) Fragments of cells break off and cleared by ____________ without inciting an acute ________ response.

Answer 25

1. intracellular enzymes
2. DNA
3. phagocytosis, inflammatory

Question 26

Process of apoptosis:
1. Cell _________ and _______ condensation
2. Membrane _________
3. Nuclear ________
4. ___________ body formation
5. __________ of apoptotic bodies

Answer 26

1. shrinkage, chromatin
2. blebbing
3. collapse
4. apoptotic
5. lysis

Question 27

Fill the topic on physiological apoptosis

Answer 27

Question 28

5 pathological causes of apoptosis

Answer 28

1. cancer
2. autoimmune
3. neurodegenerative
4. viral infections
5. atherosclerosis

Question 29

What does “Physiological” mean?

Answer 29

relates to normal functions and processes in living organisms

Question 30

What does “pathological” mean?

Answer 30

Pertains to disease or abnormal conditions

Question 31

Apoptosis and cancer:
Mechanism; In cancer, cells evade _______ allowing them to survive longer leading to unchecked _________ and formation of _________.

1. _________ mutations: in many cancers, the tumor suppressor gene ____ that promotes apoptosis in response to DNA damage is mutated. Without this functional gene, damaged cells do not undergo apoptosis leading to tumour progression.
2. ________- ___ _________: In certain _________ (eg; follicular ________), the ______ protein that inhibits apoptosis is overexpressed leading to survival of abnormal cells.

Answer 31

apoptosis, growth, tumours
1. p53, p53
2. Bcl-2 overexpression, lymphomas, lymphoma, Bcl-2

Question 32

Apoptosis and neurodegenerative disease

Mechanism; Excessive apoptosis of ________ leads to neurodegenerative diseases. Neurones are non-_______ cells, so their loss is detrimental.

Examples:
1. Alzeimer’s disease: Abnormal accumulation of __- __________ plaques and tau protein tangles triggers apoptotic pathways in neurons contributing to cognitive decline.

2. Parkinson’s disease: The loss of ________ neurons in ______ ________ is linked to increased apoptosis driven by mitochondrial _______ and ________ stress.

Answer 32

neurones, dividing

1. Beta - amyloid,
2. dopaminergic, substantia nigra, dysfunction, oxidative

Question 33

autoimmune diseases and immune reactions:

Defective apoptosis of immune cells leads to _____ ________ ________ contributing to autoimmune diseases.

Examples include:
1. _________ ________ __________ (SLE) ; inadequate clearance of apoptotic cells can result in presentation of nucleur antigens to immune system leading to ____________ production.

2. Type 1 diabetes: Apoptosis of insulin producing _____ cells in the __________ induced by autoimmune respnses leads to insulin deficiency.
3. __________ versus ___________ disease: immune reaction following ______ ________ transplantation; increased apoptosis in skin + GI tract.

Answer 33

self reactive lymphocytes

1. systemic lupus erythematosus, autoantibody
2. beta, pancreas
3. graft, host, bone marrow

Question 34

Apoptosis and viral infections

Some viruses manipulate the host’s apoptotic machinary to evade the immune system or promote their own replication.

1. HIV: HIV infects _______ cells and induces apoptosis in both infected and uninfected cells leading to immune system depletion.
2. ______: integrates into host _________ and through expression of vira genes (E6) inhibits ____________ transcription inhibiting apoptosis and promoting malignant transformation.

Answer 34

1. T ,
2. HPV, genome, p53 ,

Question 35

What is this a biopsy of?

Answer 35

Apoptosis in a colonic biopsy from a graft versus host disease

Question 36

Apoptosis results from activation of intracellular proteases called _________.
There are two ways of activation for this; ________ and ________

Answer 36

caspases, extrinsic, intrinsic

Question 37

Intrinsic pathway of apoptotic activation:

This is _______ pathway such as ________ damage. This is responsible for apoptosis in most situations.

Answer 37

mitochondrial, DNA

Question 38

Extrinsic pathway of apoptotic activation

1. This is a _________ _______ pathway and signals are from outside the cell.
2. the Type 1 _______ receptor and _______ and the extrinsic death receptor pathway are important in elimination of self reactive lymphocytes and in killing target cells by __________ ___ cells.

Answer 38

death receptor, TNF, FAS, cytotoxic T

Question 39

Fill in the differences between apoptosis and necrosis

Answer 39

Question 40

Fill this table

Answer 40

Question 41

Autophagy

Answer 41

Start of necrosis

Question 42

three steps of autophagy

Answer 42

1. formation of autophagic vacuole
2. fusion of vacuole with lysosomes
3. enzymatic digestion of contents