Cell Growth and Death Flashcards
What is the process of ageing
Decline in tissue cellularity
Reduction in blood flow due to vascular disease
Atrophy of tissue
Tissue replacement with an acellular collagenous matrix
What is degeneration?
Secondary phenomenon resulting from previous disease
Ossurs in tissues that have reached full growth
Involved connective tissue components such as collagen, elastin and proteoglycans
What is a dystrophy
Primary inherited disorder that can occur at any age
May invove a single matric component
What is hypertrophy
Increase in size of cells, fibres or tissues without an increase in number
What is atrophy?
Decrease in size of cells fibres or tissues
What is hyperplasia and hypoplasia?
Hyperplasia - increase in the number of individual cells in a tissue
Hypoplasia is arrested development of a tissue during embryonic life
What is aplasia?
Lack of development of a tissue in embryonic life
What is metaplasia?
Transformation of one type of tissue into another type
Can arise due to chronic irritation and usually involves cuboidal or columnar to squamous
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal growth of tissue with increased mitoses and reduced differentiation
Dysplastic tissue is not invasive and will not pass through the basement membrane
What is hyaline degeneration?
Replacement of normal cells with an acellular, amorphous, eosinophilic materia
E.g. walls of arteriosclerotic vessels of eye in ageing
Benign htn
DM
What is elstotic degeneration
Defective fibroblast function leads to an altered elastic matrix and reduced elasticity
Skin
Angioid streaks - ruptures in Bruch’s membrane expose the choroid - pseudoxanthomaelasticum
What is calfication
calcium deposited as hydroxyapatite crystals which can be metastatic in hypercalcaemic states or dystrophic in normocalcaemic states
Hyperparathyroidsim
HypervitD
Sarcoidosis
Cataracta ossea
What is band keratopathy?
Calcfication of Bowman’s layer, superficial to the stroms
What happens in phthisis bulbi?
Ossification of the metaplastic fibrous tissue derived form proliferation of the RPE in the hypotonic eye
What is amyloid degeneration?
Insoluble protein deposited in tissue around blood vessels and basement membranesW
How is amyloid stained?
H&E stain - homogeneous pink
Congo Red - apple green birefringence in polarised light
What are examples of localised amyloid?
Solitary nodule
Lattice dystrophy and gelatinous drop-like dystrophy in cornea
Polypeptide hormone amyloid in endocrine tumours
Prealbumin - cerebral deposits in Alzheimer’sW
What are examples of systemic amyloid?
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome - amorphous eosinophilic substance deposited on anterior capsule of lens, ciliary processes, iris surface and trabecular meshwork, leading to secondary glaucoma. Also in skin and viscera.
Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia - light chain derived from immunoglobulin
Rehumaroid arthritis - derived from serum protein
What is PXF sydnrome
Amyloidosis
amorphous eosinophilic substance deposited on anterior capsule of lens, ciliary processes, iris surface and trabecular meshwork, leading to secondary glaucoma. Also in skin and viscera.
What is hydropic degeneration
Reversible change - cells enlarged containing cytoplasmic vacuoles
Infection, intoxication, anaemia
WhatWhat is cloudy swelling
reversible change
Cells enlarged and filled with granules or fluid - intracellular oedema
What is fatty change
Fat accumulates in cells for an unknown reason or after damage by a variety of agents
Arus senilis - fatty infiltration of peripheral cornea
Xanthelasma - lipid wihtin clumps of macrophages in the dermis of eyelid
Atheroma
What is glycogen infiltration/
Glycogen enters tissue leading to structural change
DM - lacy vacuolation of the iris pigment epithelium
Long standing neural retinal detachment due to lack of nutrition
