Cell Growth and Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of ageing

A

Decline in tissue cellularity
Reduction in blood flow due to vascular disease
Atrophy of tissue
Tissue replacement with an acellular collagenous matrix

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2
Q

What is degeneration?

A

Secondary phenomenon resulting from previous disease
Ossurs in tissues that have reached full growth
Involved connective tissue components such as collagen, elastin and proteoglycans

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3
Q

What is a dystrophy

A

Primary inherited disorder that can occur at any age
May invove a single matric component

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4
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells, fibres or tissues without an increase in number

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5
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in size of cells fibres or tissues

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia and hypoplasia?

A

Hyperplasia - increase in the number of individual cells in a tissue

Hypoplasia is arrested development of a tissue during embryonic life

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7
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Lack of development of a tissue in embryonic life

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8
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Transformation of one type of tissue into another type
Can arise due to chronic irritation and usually involves cuboidal or columnar to squamous

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9
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth of tissue with increased mitoses and reduced differentiation
Dysplastic tissue is not invasive and will not pass through the basement membrane

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10
Q

What is hyaline degeneration?

A

Replacement of normal cells with an acellular, amorphous, eosinophilic materia

E.g. walls of arteriosclerotic vessels of eye in ageing
Benign htn
DM

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11
Q

What is elstotic degeneration

A

Defective fibroblast function leads to an altered elastic matrix and reduced elasticity

Skin
Angioid streaks - ruptures in Bruch’s membrane expose the choroid - pseudoxanthomaelasticum

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12
Q

What is calfication

A

calcium deposited as hydroxyapatite crystals which can be metastatic in hypercalcaemic states or dystrophic in normocalcaemic states

Hyperparathyroidsim
HypervitD
Sarcoidosis
Cataracta ossea

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13
Q

What is band keratopathy?

A

Calcfication of Bowman’s layer, superficial to the stroms

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14
Q

What happens in phthisis bulbi?

A

Ossification of the metaplastic fibrous tissue derived form proliferation of the RPE in the hypotonic eye

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15
Q

What is amyloid degeneration?

A

Insoluble protein deposited in tissue around blood vessels and basement membranesW

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16
Q

How is amyloid stained?

A

H&E stain - homogeneous pink

Congo Red - apple green birefringence in polarised light

17
Q

What are examples of localised amyloid?

A

Solitary nodule
Lattice dystrophy and gelatinous drop-like dystrophy in cornea
Polypeptide hormone amyloid in endocrine tumours
Prealbumin - cerebral deposits in Alzheimer’sW

18
Q

What are examples of systemic amyloid?

A

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome - amorphous eosinophilic substance deposited on anterior capsule of lens, ciliary processes, iris surface and trabecular meshwork, leading to secondary glaucoma. Also in skin and viscera.

Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia - light chain derived from immunoglobulin

Rehumaroid arthritis - derived from serum protein

19
Q

What is PXF sydnrome

A

Amyloidosis

amorphous eosinophilic substance deposited on anterior capsule of lens, ciliary processes, iris surface and trabecular meshwork, leading to secondary glaucoma. Also in skin and viscera.

20
Q

What is hydropic degeneration

A

Reversible change - cells enlarged containing cytoplasmic vacuoles

Infection, intoxication, anaemia

21
Q

WhatWhat is cloudy swelling

A

reversible change
Cells enlarged and filled with granules or fluid - intracellular oedema

22
Q

What is fatty change

A

Fat accumulates in cells for an unknown reason or after damage by a variety of agents

Arus senilis - fatty infiltration of peripheral cornea
Xanthelasma - lipid wihtin clumps of macrophages in the dermis of eyelid

Atheroma

23
Q

What is glycogen infiltration/

A

Glycogen enters tissue leading to structural change

DM - lacy vacuolation of the iris pigment epithelium
Long standing neural retinal detachment due to lack of nutrition

24
Q
A