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BPK205 - Human Physiology > Cell & General (1) > Flashcards

Cell & General (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term physiology

A

The study of living things and how they function.

Helps us understand how the body works, from the smallest part (cells) all the way to the whole body

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2
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable and dynamic internal environment; CONSTANCY

The goal is to maintain variables within a tight range based on the set point

Ex. Body must maintain mass balance

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3
Q

Ex of homeostasis, positive and negative

A

Negative: temperature and blood glucose level

Positive: childbirth and lactation

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4
Q

Neg vs pos feedback loops definition and difference

A

Negative feedback loops: feedback reduces the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual value

Positive feedback loops: feedback increases the difference between the normal setpoint and the actual value

In negative we have deviated from baseline and want to go back, in positive we want to keep deviating

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5
Q

Feedforward control and examples

A

Feedforward control is an anticipatory response: initiation of a response in anticipation of the stimulus

EX:
- Sight, smell or thought of food is enough to initiate salivation and digestion
- Increase in ventilation (breathing) as soon as exercise begins

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6
Q

Describe the biological hierarchy of organization in the context of functional compartments: cells, tissues, organs

A

order goes smallest to largest:
atoms, molecules, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Compartmentalization allows for separation of complex processes

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7
Q

Describe the biological hierarchy of organization in the context of fluid compartments: Intracellular vs Extracellular

A

ICF: all fluid within cells; this fluid is ⅔ of the total body water volume (28L)
- Has mainly sodium

ECF: all fluids outside cells: this fluid is ⅓ of the total body water volume
- Interstitial fluid = lies between the circulatory system and the cells (11L)
- Blood plasma = the liquid matric of blood (3L)
- Has mainly potassium

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8
Q

List cell junctions

A

gap, anchoring and tight

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9
Q

List the four different tissue types found in the human body

A

muscle, epithelial, connective, neuronal

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10
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Exchange, protective, ciliated, transporting, and secretory

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11
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Lining that protects the internal environment of the body and regulates exchange of materials between internal/external environment

Not excitable

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12
Q

Types of connective tissue cells

A

loose, dense, adipose, blood, cartilage, bone

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

elastic tissues under skin and between some cells
- Very flexible with multiple cell types and fibers
- Has fibrolasts: cells that secrete matrix proteins
- Ground substance = matrix of loose connective tissue

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14
Q

Dense connective tissue (and 2 ex)

A

provides strength and flexibility

  • Regular: tightly packed and organized; tendons, blood vessel walls
  • Irregular: has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles; collagen and dermis
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15
Q

Adipose tissue

A

provide energy storage, insulation from extreme temperatures and cushioning around soft organs

in white fat, the cell cytoplasm is almost full of lipid droplets

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16
Q

Blood

A

composed of liquid matrix (plasma), RBC, WBC, platelets

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

has firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells called chondrocytes

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18
Q

Bone

A

forms when osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate crystals in the matrix

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19
Q

Types of muscle tissue cells

A

smooth (GI tract), skeletal and cardiac

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20
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

Generates contractile force
- Excitable

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21
Q

Describe neuronal tissue

A

Neurons transfer information chemically or electrically via action potentials whereas glial cells give support for neurons

  • Neuron are excitable but glial cells are not
  • Glial cells kind up make up neuronal cells
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22
Q

Selective permeability and membrane transport

A

Type of membrane transport that is more likely for small, uncharged molecules: O2, CO2, (H2O too but thats better with channel transport)
- Membrane transport is less likely for molecules such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, and glucose

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23
Q

Hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer and membrane transport

A

Membrane transport is more likely for hydrophobic molecules because they are water hating, like the inside of the membrane

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24
Q

Proteins and membrane transport

A
  • aides in bringing in larger/charged molecules, and also help with cell communication and recognition
  • types of membrane proteins: transmembrane receptors, peripheral, cell and lipid anchored
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25
Q

Carbohydrates and membrane transport

A
  • glycoproteins and glycolipids aides in cell communication, protection and recognition
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26
Q

Cholesterol and membrane transport

A

aides in membrane fluidity and permeability

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27
Q

Types of transport membrane mechanisms

A

non facilitated transport: simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion: protein mediated (passive and active), vesicular

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28
Q

Key factors that affect SIMPLE? diffusion

A

lipid solubility, molecular size, concentration gradient, membrane surface area, composition of lipid bilayer

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29
Q

Breakdown of protein mediated transport

A
  • protein mediated has channels vs transporters, 2 subcategories: passive aka facilitated diffusion, active (primary and secondary)
30
Q

Define channels

A

Channels = proteins in protein mediated transport that create water-filled pores linking extracellular and intracellular environment

31
Q

Describe channels in protein mediated transport

A

Act via facilitated diffusion, ALWAYS with passive transport

Are selective about which molecules pass via ion or water channels

Can have gates to regulate flow
Ion channels: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride

32
Q

describe speed of channels in protein mediated transport

A

Fast transport/diffusion but are specific to a type of group

33
Q

Define transporters

A

proteins in protein mediated transport that open to ECF or ICF, one at a time

34
Q

describe transporters in protein mediated transport

A

Act via facilitated diffusion OR active transport

May be selective but can carry larger molecules than channels (glucose)

35
Q

describe speed of transports in protein mediated transport

A

Flip flop mechanism heavily slows the process due to switching conformation

36
Q

Explain primary active transport

A

directly uses ATP as its energy source (ATPases)

Ex: NaK pump

37
Q

Explain secondary active transport

A

indirectly uses potential energy stores in concentration gradient from other molecules

  • Need ATP to put PE in concentration gradients from other molecules
  • Occurs via symport or antiport mechanisms
  • Ex: Na + glucose transporter
38
Q

Compare and contrast active vs passive transport

A

Passive = facilitated diffusion
- Channels or transporters do this
- Molecules move down their concentration gradient towards equilibrium
- Ex: glucose transport

Active = requires energy
- Only pumps or transporters do this
- Molecules move up (against) their concentration gradient and as a whole, the system moves away from equilibrium
- Ex: NaK pump

39
Q

Breakdown of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis

40
Q

endocytosis

A

= welcoming a substance into the cell via fusion with the membrane

  • Ligand binds to the membrane receptor, receptor-ligand migrates to a clathrin coated pit, fusion with membrane occurs
  • Vesicle loses clathrin coat and receptor-ligand are taken by endosome and separated so receptor is engulfed by transport vesicle and ligand is taken to lysosome for trash or golgi for processing
41
Q

exocytosis

A

= kicking a substance out of the cell via engulfing it in a vesicle and then fusing it with the membrane

  • Transport vesicle engulfs substance and fuses with membrane to perform release
  • Ex: NT release
42
Q

Phagocytosis

A

= ingests and eliminates pathogens or foreign substances

RI FFF
- particle recognition, particle ingestion, early phagosome formation, late phagosome formation, and phagolysosome formation.

43
Q

Transcellular transport

A

Form of epithelial cell transport: occurs through cells via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endo/exo
- Ions or molecules cross both apical and basolateral membranes

  • Apical = with villi, and faces the lumen
  • Basolateral = faces the ECF
44
Q

Paracellular transport

A

Form of epithelial cell transport: occurs between adjacent cells to get to or from lumen

  • Regulated by presence of tight junctions
    Moves ions and water
45
Q

Explain disequilibrium in the context of chemical gradients

A

Disequilibrium results from a differing concentration of ions and molecules, inside vs outside of the cell

  • When equilibrium is reached, the deviation of ion charges of molecules inside vs outside the cell should be the same as the deviation of concentration of molecules in/out is the same
46
Q

Explain disequilibrium in the context of electrical gradients

A

Disequilibrium results from a differing net ion charge, inside vs outside of the cell

  • When equilibrium is reached, the deviation of ion charges of molecules inside vs outside the cell should be the same as the deviation of concentration of molecules in/out is the same
47
Q

Explain disequilibrium in the context of resting membrane potential

A

RMP = net charge difference btw ICF and ECF @ rest

  • Results from unequal distribution of ions of each side of the membrane… this results in a state of disequilibirum
48
Q

Nernst Equation

A

used to calculate the equilibrium potential
- if CM is only permeable to one type of ion, the membrane potential = the nernst potential of that ion

49
Q

Electrochemical driving force for ion flow

A

depends of Vm and Ex

  • Vm = membrane potential difference
  • Ex = equilibrium potential

= Ex - Vm

50
Q

GHK equation

A

predicts the RMP that results from the contribution of all ions that can cross the membrane

  • Based on combined contributions of concentration gradients and relative membrane permeability of each ion
51
Q

how does the Na+-K+-ATPase helps maintain concentration and electrical gradient

A

Helps maintain the RMP by maintaining the Na and K concentration gradients during ion movement through leak channels

52
Q

Modes of local distance communication

A

gap junctions, contact dependent, autocrine, paracrine

53
Q

local distance communication in gap junctions

A

forms direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells

54
Q

local distance communication in contact dependent

A

requires interaction between membrane molecules on 2 cells

55
Q

local distance communication in autocrine signaling

A

signals act on the same cell that secreted them

56
Q

local distance communication in paracrine signaling

A

signals are secreted by one paracrine cell and diffuse to adjacent cells

57
Q

Modes of long distance communication

A

neuronal, endocrine

58
Q

long distance communication in neuronal context

A

involves neurohormones and neurotransmitters

59
Q

neurohormones

A

= hormone that is a chemical that is released by neurons in neural tissue into blood, for action at distant targets

Moves over a long distance

60
Q

neurotransmitter

A

= chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to get a target cell

Moves over a small distance
Ex. acetylcholine

61
Q

long distance communication in endocrine context

A

involves hormones

62
Q

hormone

A

= secreted by endocrine cells/glands into blood, only target cells with receptors for the hormone will response to the signal

Ex. insulin

63
Q

3 types of membrane signaling receptors

A

receptor-channel, enzyme-channel, G protein coupled receptors

64
Q

name the 4 major features of a signal transduction pathway

A

receptors, signaling cascades, signal amplification, second messengers

65
Q

receptors in a signal transduction pathway

A

activates the intracellular signal molecules

Presence of receptors determines whether a cell responds to a signal molecule

66
Q

signaling cascades in a signal transduction pathway

A

system that helps prevent deviating cellular responses

67
Q

signal amplification in signal transduction pathways

A

volume control, acts at each step

68
Q

second messengers in signal transduction pathways

A

alters target proteins that end up creating a response

69
Q

describe the enzyme-linked receptor signaling pathway

A

ligand binds to receptor, which activates associated enzyme

Ex. insulin receptor

70
Q

describe the GPCR signaling pathway

A

AC & PLC: ligand binds to a receptor that is physically coupled to a guanosine nucleotide-binding G protein

  • Binds to and activates G proteins that are made up of 3 subunits
  • G protein activation leads to direct alteration of ion channel gating or alteration of a different enzymes activity
  • Activation of AC adenylate cyclase will always trigger production of cAMP which then activates protein kinase A
  • Activation of PLC phospholipase C always leads to production of IP3 inositol triphosphate and activation of protein kinase C
71
Q

describe the ion channels signaling pathway

A

acts as a receptor for ligand to bind to, gated by ligand binding

72
Q

describe the Ca2+ signaling pathway

A

Enters cells via voltage, ligand or mechanically gated channels

Can be released from stores by second messengers

BPK205 - Human Physiology (5 decks)

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