ANS (5)

Question 1

which 3 things must be balanced to maintain homeostasis

Answer 1

ANS, endocrine and behavioral system

Question 2

how do homeostatic control centers monitor physiological processes

Answer 2

via the hypothalamus, pons and medulla

• the responses can be autonomic, endocrine and or behavioral

**some autonomic functions can occur without brain input

Question 3

what influences ANS responses

Answer 3

emotions - limbic system
behavioral state - cerebral cortex

Question 4

homeostasis reflects a balance between?

Answer 4

autonomic branches: parasympathetic or sympathetic

Question 5

sympathetic branch: point of cns origin, and location of peripheral ganglia

Answer 5

1st thoracic to 2nd lumbar segment

mostly in chain of sympathetic ganglia, outside of spinal cord… CLOSE TO SPINAL CORD!!!

Question 6

para and sympathetic branch: structure of NT release

Answer 6

varicosities

Question 7

sympathetic branch: NT at target synapse, and inactivation of NT at synapse, NT receptors on target cells

Answer 7

norepinephrine (adrenergic neurons)

uptake into varicosity, diffusion

adrenergic

Question 8

sympathetic branch: ganglionic synapse and neuron-target synapse

Answer 8

Ach on nicotinic receptor

norepinephrine on alpha or beta-adrenergic receptor

Question 9

parasympathetic branch: point of cns origin, and location of peripheral ganglia

Answer 9

midbrain, medulla, and 2nd-4th sacral segment

on or near target organs

Question 10

parasympathetic branch: NT at target synapse, and inactivation of NT at synapse, NT receptors on target cells

Answer 10

Ach (cholinergic neurons)

enzymatic breakdown, diffusion

muscarinic

Question 11

parasympathetic branch: ganglionic synapse and neuron-target synapse

Answer 11

Ach on nicotinic receptor

Ach on muscarinic receptor

Question 12

most internal organs are under which kind of control? what is the exception?

Answer 12

antagonistic

• blood vessels only have SNS input and are under tonic control

Question 13

heart example of para/symp responses

Answer 13

para = slows rate ; INHIBITORY
symp = increases rate and force of contraction ; EXCITATORY

Question 14

GI tract example of para/symp responses

Answer 14

para = promotes digestion ; EXCITATORY
symp = slows digestion ; INHIBITORY

Question 15

para/symp pathways

Answer 15

para = short preganglionic, long postganglionic neurons

symp = long preganglionic, short postganglionic neurons

Question 16

neuroeffector junctions

Answer 16

aka autonomic synapse at the target cell

Question 17

how does the postganglionic neuron have specialized terminals

Answer 17

• varicosities are swollen regions of axon filled with neurotransmitter vesicles
• chains of varicosities lie across the surface of the target tissue
• 1 neuron can efficiently innervate a large area of tissue