Cell Function Flashcards
Diffusion
Going from high concentration to low concentration
The spreading of something more widely
Osmosis
Low to high concentration
Movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane
Passive (does not need energy)
Cell membrane Controls
what comes in and out of the cell, found in plant and animal cells
Hypotonic
Any solution with a lower concentration so the water flows into the cell
Hypertonic solution
When water is drawn out of the cell to the higher concentration
What is the role of chloroplasts?
Captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in plant cells
Isotonic solution
When both the cell and the outside of the cell have an equal concentration
Passive transport
No energy is needed to move particles
Active transport
Energy is needed to move particles
Endocytosis
Taking something into the cell
Exocytosis
Expelling something from the cell
The nucleus
Most visible organelle in a cell
Controls centre for he cell
Nucleolus
A dark spot in the nucleus. Stores materials that are used to make ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Membrane covered organelle
Breaks down drugs and any other substances
Packages proteins to be sent out of the cell
Mitochondria
Breaks down food molecules to make energy for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the surface of the cell
Acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
Cytoplasm
Fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles
Ribosomes
Where proteins are made from amino acids
Golgi complex
Packages and transports materials out of the cell
Lysosomes
Digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign materials
Cell wall
Only found in plant cell
It surrounds the cell membrane to provide protection
Chloroplasts
Only found in plant cells
Where photosynthesis takes place
Large vacuole
Only in plant cell
Store water
What are enzymes
Made of protein
Speed up reactions
Present in all living things
What’s an excample of an enzyme
Washing powder
What are two factors important in enzyme reaction
Rate of reaction and temperature
What happens to enzymes at a low temp
They become inactive
Process of enzymes
Substrate —— Enzyme —— Product
Enzyme Splits the Substrate in two
Define prokaryote
Simple structure
No nucleus
Example is bacteria
Define eukaryotype
More complex structure
Have a nucleus
Example plant and animal cells
What’s the difference between plant and animal cells
Plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplast and a large vacuole. Rectangle shape
Animal cell is round
Compare skin and muscle cells
Compared to a skin cell, a muscle cell is likely to have more... A) Golgi bodies B) Mitochondria C) Cell membranes D) Chloroplasts
Example of osmosis, diffusion and active transport
Osmosis- pruned fingers when your in water too long
Diffusion-air freshener in a room
Active transport-ATP
What occurs when the amount of substrate is increased in an enzyme
The reaction is faster
Label a plant and animal cell
Photos
Label a plant and animal cell
Photos
Define semi permable membrane
A substance which allows solvent molecules to pass thro but not solute molecules
Define catalyst and an example
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
When iron and oxygen react they form rust
Rough ER
Transports proteins and carries out protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Transports lipids and carries out lipid synthesis
Define substrate
The substance on which the enzyme reacts
Define products
The result of the enzyme reaction
Define catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction, without itself being changed by the reaction.
An example of a catalyst
Is an enzyme
Explain the lock and key theory
The lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correct fit for the key will make the reaction. The substrate will split in two and turn into the product
Active site of enzymes
The active site of the enzyme is the place where the substrate binds and at which catalysis occurs.
Make up of enzymes
They are made with proteins
Three examples of enzymes and where they are found in the human body
Food digestion-amino acids break down food in our stomach
DNA copying
Glucose transformation-To get energy from glucose
What is an enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity
Fluid mosaic model
The fluid-mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. The plasma membrane that surrounds these cells has two layers.
Define activation energy
the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Ph level of amylase
7 neutral
Ph level of pepsin
1.5
Define co enzymes
a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
What is the role of enzymes
Speed up reactions
Darwins theory of evolution
Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.
Define autosomal recessive
A genetic condition that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of an autosomal gene, one copy from each parent.
There is a 25% chance that the child will get the disease
What is genetic testing
Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person’s chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Define offspring
The product or result of something
Define progeny
descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring
Define chromosome
A thread like structure found in the nucleus
Define X linked disease
any disease or disorder that is caused by there being a problem with a sex chromosome, normally X. These disorders most commonly happen with males as they only have one X chromosome, women have two and can only get the disease if both X chromosomes are infected
Why is haemophilia termed a sex linked, recessive gene
This gene is only found on X chromosomes. Men are more likely to get this disease as they only have one X chromosome and if that gets infected they have the disease. Where girls have two so they have a less likely chance of both X chromosomes having the disease.
Example of a dominate disease
Huntingtons disease
Example of a recessive disease
Cystics fibrosis
The role of ATP
Without it respiration would not happen
Define semi permeable membrane
Only allows certain things pass through it
