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Biology year 10 > Cell Function > Flashcards

Cell Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Diffusion

A

Going from high concentration to low concentration

The spreading of something more widely

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2
Q

Osmosis

A

Low to high concentration
Movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane
Passive (does not need energy)

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3
Q

Cell membrane Controls

A

what comes in and out of the cell, found in plant and animal cells

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4
Q

Hypotonic

A

Any solution with a lower concentration so the water flows into the cell

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5
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

When water is drawn out of the cell to the higher concentration

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6
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in plant cells

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7
Q

Isotonic solution

A

When both the cell and the outside of the cell have an equal concentration

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8
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy is needed to move particles

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Energy is needed to move particles

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10
Q

Endocytosis

A

Taking something into the cell

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11
Q

Exocytosis

A

Expelling something from the cell

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12
Q

The nucleus

A

Most visible organelle in a cell

Controls centre for he cell

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dark spot in the nucleus. Stores materials that are used to make ribosomes

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14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Membrane covered organelle
Breaks down drugs and any other substances
Packages proteins to be sent out of the cell

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Breaks down food molecules to make energy for the cell

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16
Q

Cell membrane

A

Covers the surface of the cell

Acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made from amino acids

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19
Q

Golgi complex

A

Packages and transports materials out of the cell

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20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign materials

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

Only found in plant cell

It surrounds the cell membrane to provide protection

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22
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Only found in plant cells

Where photosynthesis takes place

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23
Q

Large vacuole

A

Only in plant cell

Store water

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24
Q

What are enzymes

A

Made of protein
Speed up reactions
Present in all living things

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25
Q

What’s an excample of an enzyme

A

Washing powder

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26
Q

What are two factors important in enzyme reaction

A

Rate of reaction and temperature

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27
Q

What happens to enzymes at a low temp

A

They become inactive

28
Q

Process of enzymes

A

Substrate —— Enzyme —— Product

Enzyme Splits the Substrate in two

29
Q

Define prokaryote

A

Simple structure
No nucleus
Example is bacteria

30
Q

Define eukaryotype

A

More complex structure
Have a nucleus
Example plant and animal cells

31
Q

What’s the difference between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplast and a large vacuole. Rectangle shape
Animal cell is round

32
Q

Compare skin and muscle cells

A 
Compared to a skin cell, a muscle cell is likely to have more...
A) Golgi bodies
B) Mitochondria
C) Cell membranes
D) Chloroplasts
33
Q

Example of osmosis, diffusion and active transport

A

Osmosis- pruned fingers when your in water too long
Diffusion-air freshener in a room
Active transport-ATP

34
Q

What occurs when the amount of substrate is increased in an enzyme

A

The reaction is faster

35
Q

Label a plant and animal cell

A

Photos

36
Q

Label a plant and animal cell

A

Photos

37
Q

Define semi permable membrane

A

A substance which allows solvent molecules to pass thro but not solute molecules

38
Q

Define catalyst and an example

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

When iron and oxygen react they form rust

39
Q

Rough ER

A

Transports proteins and carries out protein synthesis

40
Q

Smooth ER

A

Transports lipids and carries out lipid synthesis

41
Q

Define substrate

A

The substance on which the enzyme reacts

42
Q

Define products

A

The result of the enzyme reaction

43
Q

Define catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction, without itself being changed by the reaction.

44
Q

An example of a catalyst

A

Is an enzyme

45
Q

Explain the lock and key theory

A

The lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correct fit for the key will make the reaction. The substrate will split in two and turn into the product

46
Q

Active site of enzymes

A

The active site of the enzyme is the place where the substrate binds and at which catalysis occurs.

47
Q

Make up of enzymes

A

They are made with proteins

48
Q

Three examples of enzymes and where they are found in the human body

A

Food digestion-amino acids break down food in our stomach
DNA copying
Glucose transformation-To get energy from glucose

49
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor

A

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

50
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The fluid-mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. The plasma membrane that surrounds these cells has two layers.

51
Q

Define activation energy

A

the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

52
Q

Ph level of amylase

A

7 neutral

53
Q

Ph level of pepsin

A

1.5

54
Q

Define co enzymes

A

a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

55
Q

What is the role of enzymes

A

Speed up reactions

56
Q

Darwins theory of evolution

A

Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.

57
Q

Define autosomal recessive

A

A genetic condition that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of an autosomal gene, one copy from each parent.
There is a 25% chance that the child will get the disease

58
Q

What is genetic testing

A

Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person’s chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.

59
Q

Define offspring

A

The product or result of something

60
Q

Define progeny

A

descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring

61
Q

Define chromosome

A

A thread like structure found in the nucleus

62
Q

Define X linked disease

A

any disease or disorder that is caused by there being a problem with a sex chromosome, normally X. These disorders most commonly happen with males as they only have one X chromosome, women have two and can only get the disease if both X chromosomes are infected

63
Q

Why is haemophilia termed a sex linked, recessive gene

A

This gene is only found on X chromosomes. Men are more likely to get this disease as they only have one X chromosome and if that gets infected they have the disease. Where girls have two so they have a less likely chance of both X chromosomes having the disease.

64
Q

Example of a dominate disease

A

Huntingtons disease

65
Q

Example of a recessive disease

A

Cystics fibrosis

66
Q

The role of ATP

A

Without it respiration would not happen

67
Q

Define semi permeable membrane

A

Only allows certain things pass through it

Biology year 10 (4 decks)

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