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-Heme/Onc > Cell forms/functions > Flashcards

Cell forms/functions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of energy for a RBC and how is it used?

A

Glucose (90% in glycolysis, 10% in HMP shunt)

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2
Q

What allows RBCs to export HCO3- and thus transport CO2

A

Cl- / HCO3- antiporter

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3
Q

What is the term anisocytosis

A

RBC of varying sizes

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4
Q

What is the term Poikilocytosis

A

RBC of varying shapes

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5
Q

Reticulocytes stain blue with what stain and what does it represent

A

Wright Giemsa stain

Is residual ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

What does a reticulocyte represent (process)

A

erythroid proliferation

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7
Q

What are platelets derived from and where are they stored

A

They are small cytoplasmic fragments of Megakaryocytes
(thrombopoietin stimulates megakaryocyte proliferation)

1/3 of platelet pool stored in the spleen

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of granules in thrombocytes and what do they store

A

Dense granules: ADP and Ca2=

alpha granules: vWF, fibrinogen, fibronectin

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9
Q

What are the 2 receptors on Thrombocytes

A

vWF receptor: GpIb

Fibrinogen receptor: GpIIb/IIIa

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10
Q

What is containen in the specific granules of neutrophil

A

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatatse
collagenase
lysozyme
lactoferrin

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11
Q

What is contained in azurophilic granules of neutrophils

A 
(these are lysosomes)
proteinases
acid phosphatase
myeloperoxidase
b-glucuronidase
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12
Q

What are the important neutrophil chemotactic agents

A 
C5a
IL-8
LTB4
Kallikrein
Platelet activating factor
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13
Q 
What is the name of macrophages in:
The liver
Connective tissue
Skin
Bone
Brain
A 
Liver: Kupffer cells
Connective tissue: Histiocytes
Skin: langerhans cells
Bone; osteoclasts
Brain: microglial cells
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14
Q

Name one way in which septic shock can be initiated

A

Lipid A from bacterial LPS binds to CD14 on macrophages

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15
Q 
List the age in circulation of:
Platelets
RBC
Macrophages
Neutrophils
A

Platelets: 8-10 days
RBC: 120 days
Macrophages: long life
Neutrophils: short life

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16
Q

Eosinophils are highly phagocytic for what

A

antigen antibody complexes

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17
Q

Eosinophils use what to fight helminthic infections

A

Major basic protein

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18
Q

List 5 things secreted by eosinophils

A

Major basic protein (helminthotoxin)
Eosinophil peroxidase
eosinophil cationic protein
Eosinophil derived neurotoxin

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19
Q

List 7 causes of eosinophilia

A 
PACCMAN
Parasites
Asthma
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Myeloproliferative disorders
Allergic processes
Neoplasia (hodgkin lymphoma)
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20
Q

What is contained in the basophilic granules of basophils

A

Heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator)

leukotrienes are synthesized and released on demand

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21
Q

Basophilia may be a sign of what

A

It is uncommon but may be a sign of myeloproliferative disease PARTICULARLY CML

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22
Q

Mast cells are involved in which hypersensitivity reaction

A 
type 1 
(mediate allergic reaction in local tissues)
23
Q

Mast cells orriginate from the same prucorsor as what cell

A

basophils (but are not the same cell type)

24
Q

What 3 things activate mast cells

A

Tissue trauma
C3a and C5a
IgE crosslinking by antigen (causes receptor aggregation)

25
Q

What 4 things doe mast cells release upon degranulation

A

Histamine
Heparin
Tryptase
Eosinophil chemotactic factors

26
Q

Cromyln sodium prevents what

A

mast cell degranulation

asthma prophylaxis

27
Q

dendritic cells express what on thier fsurface

A

MHC class II and Fc receptors

28
Q

When B cells migrate what areas do they go to

A

follicles of lymph nodes
white pulp of spleen
encapsulated lymphoid tissue

29
Q

When antigen is encountered b cells differentiate into what

A

plasma cells

30
Q

What is the costimulatory signal needed for T cell activation

A

CD28

31
Q

Clock face chromatin is indicative of?

A

Plasma cells

32
Q

Which organelles in plasma cells are well developed

A

Have abundant RER and well developed golgi apparatus

33
Q

Multiple myeloma is a ____ type of cancer

A

plasma cell

34
Q

Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:

3-8 weeks

A

Yolk Sac

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

35
Q

Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:

6 weeks to birth

A

Liver

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

36
Q

Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:

10-28 weeks

A

Spleen

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

37
Q

Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:

18 weeks to adult

A

Bone marrow

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

38
Q

What is rho gam

A

Anti-D IgG given to Rh - women

given in small enough amount it does not harm fetus, goal is to prevent maternal formation of the IgG to D antigen

39
Q

What is the presentation in Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Jaundiced shortly after birth
Kernicterus
Hydrops fetalis

40
Q

What is the presentation in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn and what causes it

A

Mild jaundice in neonate withing 24 hours of birth (less severe then Rh HDN) treat with phototherapy or exchange transfusion
Caused by anti-A or Anti-B igG antibodies crossing from blood type O mom

41
Q

What antibodies are seen in the serum of blood type O, A, B and AB

A 
A: Anti-B IgM
B: Anti-A IgM
AB: none
O: Anti-A and Anti-B IgM AND IgG 
(note that O has IgG as well)
42
Q

From anode (pos) to cathode (neg) what is the order of Hemoglobins on gel electrophoresis

A 
A: normal hemoglobin HbA
F: fetal hemoglobin HbF
S: sickle cell hemoglobin B chain HbS
C: Hemoglobin C B chain HbC
A Fat Santa Clause
43
Q

What is the Replacement in HbC from normal

A

Glutamic acid with Lysine
Glutamic acid is negative and lysine is +
(this does not form the hydrophobic pocket though)

44
Q

What is the Replacement in HbS from normal

A

Glutamic acid with valine
Glutamic acid is negative and valine is neutral
(this does form a hydrophobic pocket)

45
Q

What is the difference between basophlic stiplling in cells and ringed sideroblasts

A

Ringed sideroblasts are seen in the bone marrow and Stippling is seen in the peripheral smear

Basophilic stippling is due to aggregation of residual ribosomes
Ringed sideroblasts is due to excess iron in mitochondria (seen with prussian blue

46
Q

What pathology would be associated with acantocytes

A 
liver disease 
ABETA LIPOPROTEINEMIA (states of cholesterol dysregulation)
47
Q

In what states would you see basophilic stippling

A 
Sideroblastic anemias ( lead poisoning, myelodysplastic syndromes)
Thalassemias
48
Q

What pathology is associated with Dacrocytes

A

these are Teardrop cells

associated with myelofibrosis/bone marrow infiltration and thalassemias

49
Q

How do degmacytes differ from acanthocytes

A

Degmacytes have smaller projections and are smaller and more uniform

50
Q

What pathology is associated with echinocytes

A

End stage renal disease
liver disease
Pyruvate kinase deficiency

51
Q

What pathology can cause spherocytes

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

drug and infection indcued hemolytic anemia

52
Q

What pathoology is associated with target cells

A 
HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia
HALT
53
Q

What pathology causes Heinz bodies and how does it happen

A

G6pD deficiency

caused by oxidation of Hb-SH groups to S-S leading to Hb precipitation

54
Q

When are howell hjjolly bodies seen and what are they

A

in pts with functional hyposplenia or asplenia

They are basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBC’s

-Heme/Onc (6 decks)

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