Cell forms/functions Flashcards
What is the source of energy for a RBC and how is it used?
Glucose (90% in glycolysis, 10% in HMP shunt)
What allows RBCs to export HCO3- and thus transport CO2
Cl- / HCO3- antiporter
What is the term anisocytosis
RBC of varying sizes
What is the term Poikilocytosis
RBC of varying shapes
Reticulocytes stain blue with what stain and what does it represent
Wright Giemsa stain
Is residual ribosomal RNA
What does a reticulocyte represent (process)
erythroid proliferation
What are platelets derived from and where are they stored
They are small cytoplasmic fragments of Megakaryocytes
(thrombopoietin stimulates megakaryocyte proliferation)
1/3 of platelet pool stored in the spleen
What are the 2 types of granules in thrombocytes and what do they store
Dense granules: ADP and Ca2=
alpha granules: vWF, fibrinogen, fibronectin
What are the 2 receptors on Thrombocytes
vWF receptor: GpIb
Fibrinogen receptor: GpIIb/IIIa
What is containen in the specific granules of neutrophil
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatatse
collagenase
lysozyme
lactoferrin
What is contained in azurophilic granules of neutrophils
(these are lysosomes) proteinases acid phosphatase myeloperoxidase b-glucuronidase
What are the important neutrophil chemotactic agents
C5a IL-8 LTB4 Kallikrein Platelet activating factor
What is the name of macrophages in: The liver Connective tissue Skin Bone Brain
Liver: Kupffer cells Connective tissue: Histiocytes Skin: langerhans cells Bone; osteoclasts Brain: microglial cells
Name one way in which septic shock can be initiated
Lipid A from bacterial LPS binds to CD14 on macrophages
List the age in circulation of: Platelets RBC Macrophages Neutrophils
Platelets: 8-10 days
RBC: 120 days
Macrophages: long life
Neutrophils: short life
Eosinophils are highly phagocytic for what
antigen antibody complexes
Eosinophils use what to fight helminthic infections
Major basic protein
List 5 things secreted by eosinophils
Major basic protein (helminthotoxin)
Eosinophil peroxidase
eosinophil cationic protein
Eosinophil derived neurotoxin
List 7 causes of eosinophilia
PACCMAN Parasites Asthma Churg-Strauss syndrome Chronic adrenal insufficiency Myeloproliferative disorders Allergic processes Neoplasia (hodgkin lymphoma)
What is contained in the basophilic granules of basophils
Heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator)
leukotrienes are synthesized and released on demand
Basophilia may be a sign of what
It is uncommon but may be a sign of myeloproliferative disease PARTICULARLY CML
Mast cells are involved in which hypersensitivity reaction
type 1 (mediate allergic reaction in local tissues)
Mast cells orriginate from the same prucorsor as what cell
basophils (but are not the same cell type)
What 3 things activate mast cells
Tissue trauma
C3a and C5a
IgE crosslinking by antigen (causes receptor aggregation)
What 4 things doe mast cells release upon degranulation
Histamine
Heparin
Tryptase
Eosinophil chemotactic factors
Cromyln sodium prevents what
mast cell degranulation
asthma prophylaxis
dendritic cells express what on thier fsurface
MHC class II and Fc receptors
When B cells migrate what areas do they go to
follicles of lymph nodes
white pulp of spleen
encapsulated lymphoid tissue
When antigen is encountered b cells differentiate into what
plasma cells
What is the costimulatory signal needed for T cell activation
CD28
Clock face chromatin is indicative of?
Plasma cells
Which organelles in plasma cells are well developed
Have abundant RER and well developed golgi apparatus
Multiple myeloma is a ____ type of cancer
plasma cell
Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:
3-8 weeks
Yolk Sac
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:
6 weeks to birth
Liver
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:
10-28 weeks
Spleen
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place place from:
18 weeks to adult
Bone marrow
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
What is rho gam
Anti-D IgG given to Rh - women
given in small enough amount it does not harm fetus, goal is to prevent maternal formation of the IgG to D antigen
What is the presentation in Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn
Jaundiced shortly after birth
Kernicterus
Hydrops fetalis
What is the presentation in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn and what causes it
Mild jaundice in neonate withing 24 hours of birth (less severe then Rh HDN) treat with phototherapy or exchange transfusion
Caused by anti-A or Anti-B igG antibodies crossing from blood type O mom
What antibodies are seen in the serum of blood type O, A, B and AB
A: Anti-B IgM B: Anti-A IgM AB: none O: Anti-A and Anti-B IgM AND IgG (note that O has IgG as well)
From anode (pos) to cathode (neg) what is the order of Hemoglobins on gel electrophoresis
A: normal hemoglobin HbA F: fetal hemoglobin HbF S: sickle cell hemoglobin B chain HbS C: Hemoglobin C B chain HbC A Fat Santa Clause
What is the Replacement in HbC from normal
Glutamic acid with Lysine
Glutamic acid is negative and lysine is +
(this does not form the hydrophobic pocket though)
What is the Replacement in HbS from normal
Glutamic acid with valine
Glutamic acid is negative and valine is neutral
(this does form a hydrophobic pocket)
What is the difference between basophlic stiplling in cells and ringed sideroblasts
Ringed sideroblasts are seen in the bone marrow and Stippling is seen in the peripheral smear
Basophilic stippling is due to aggregation of residual ribosomes
Ringed sideroblasts is due to excess iron in mitochondria (seen with prussian blue
What pathology would be associated with acantocytes
liver disease ABETA LIPOPROTEINEMIA (states of cholesterol dysregulation)
In what states would you see basophilic stippling
Sideroblastic anemias ( lead poisoning, myelodysplastic syndromes) Thalassemias
What pathology is associated with Dacrocytes
these are Teardrop cells
associated with myelofibrosis/bone marrow infiltration and thalassemias
How do degmacytes differ from acanthocytes
Degmacytes have smaller projections and are smaller and more uniform
What pathology is associated with echinocytes
End stage renal disease
liver disease
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
What pathology can cause spherocytes
Hereditary spherocytosis
drug and infection indcued hemolytic anemia
What pathoology is associated with target cells
HbC disease Asplenia Liver disease Thalassemia HALT
What pathology causes Heinz bodies and how does it happen
G6pD deficiency
caused by oxidation of Hb-SH groups to S-S leading to Hb precipitation
When are howell hjjolly bodies seen and what are they
in pts with functional hyposplenia or asplenia
They are basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBC’s
