Cell Energetics

Question 0

Potential energy

Answer 0

Energy that is stored in something because of the way it’s structured or arranged.

Ex) energy in a battery, water behind a dam, a rubber band being pulled, food and gasoline because of the energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Question 1

Thermodynamics

Answer 1

Study of movement and transformations of energy in a system

Question 2

Kinetic energy

Answer 2

The energy of motion

Ex) light, heat, and moving objects all contain kinetic energy.

Question 3

First law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

The idea that energy can’t be created or destroyed

Question 4

Activation energy

Answer 4

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

Question 5

Active site

Answer 5

The part of an enzyme where the catalytic activity on the substrate takes place.

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

(Adenosine triphosphate)

An adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.
This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Question 7

Allosteric site

Answer 7

The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing it’s ability to be active.

Question 8

Anabolic reactions

Answer 8

This type of reaction builds molecules. Specifically, small molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth, or storage.

Question 9

Catabolic reactions

Answer 9

This type of reaction breaks down molecules to release their stored energy.

Question 10

Bioenergetics

Answer 10

The scientific study of the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms and between living organisms and their environment.

Question 11

Catalyst

Answer 11

A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction

Question 12

Chemical energy

Answer 12

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.

A form of potential energy.

Question 13

Closed system

Answer 13

A region that is isolated from it’s surroundings by a boundary that admits no transfer of matter or energy across it

Question 14

Coenzyme

Answer 14

A substance that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme.

Coenzymes cannot function on their own and require the presence of an enzyme.

Examples: The B vitamins serve as coenzymes essential for enzymes to form fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 15

Cofactor

Answer 15

Any of various organic or inorganic substances necessary to the function of an enzyme

Question 16

Competitive inhibition

Answer 16

Blockage of the action of an enzyme on it’s substrate by replacement of the substrate with a similar but inactive compound that can combine with the active site of the enzyme but that is not acted upon or split by the enzyme.

Question 17

Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 17

Inhibition of enzyme activity by substances that combine with the enzyme at a site other than that utilized by the substrate

Question 18

Redox reactions

O.I.L R.I.G

Answer 18

Oxidation
Is
Losing electrons

Reducation
Is
Gaining electrons

Question 19

Electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 19

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

Question 20

Electron carrier

Answer 20

Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport.
As the electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another, their energy level decreases, and energy is released.

Coenzyme Q is an example of an electron carrier.

Question 21

Endergonic reaction

Answer 21

In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed. The total amount of energy is a loss since it takes more energy to start the reaction than the reaction produces.

Question 22

Exergonic reaction

Answer 22

An exergonic process, as contrasted with an endergonic, is one that releases energy from the system, of which it is a part to the surroundings.
The total amount of energy produced by the reaction exceeds the amount required to start the reaction.

Question 23

Energy

Answer 23

The capacity to do work

To move matter against an opposing force

Question 24

Energy coupling

Answer 24

In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Question 25

Energy pyramid

Answer 25

A diagram depicting the cumulative loss of energy from a food chain

Question 26

Entropy

Answer 26

A measure of the amount of energy in a physical system not available to do work. As a physical system becomes more disordered, and its energy becomes more evenly distributed, that energy becomes less able to do work. For example, a car rolling along a road has kinetic energy that could do work (by carrying or colliding with something, for example); as friction slows it down and its energy is distributed to its surroundings as heat, it loses this ability. The amount of entropy is often thought of as the amount of disorder in a system

Question 27

Enzyme

Answer 27

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 28

Enzyme substrate complex

Answer 28

An enzyme-substrate complex uses the reactants (substrates) and the enzyme. The enzyme is like a catalyst that reduces the activation energy and speeds up the chemical reaction.

Question 29

Heat

Answer 29

The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter.
Heat is energy in it’s most random form.

Question 30

Hemoglobin

Answer 30

The oxygen carrying pigment and predominant protein in the red blood cells.
Hemoglobin forms an unstable, reversible bond with oxygen.
In it’s oxygenated state it is called oxyhemoglobin and is bright red.
In the reduced state it is called deoxyhemoglobin and it is purple-blue.

Question 31

Feedback inhibition

Answer 31

An inhibition of activity due to the production of an end product of the action. Also called feedback mechanism.

Question 32

Free energy

Answer 32

A thermodynamic quantity that is the difference between a system’s internal energy and the product of its absolute temperature and entropy; the portion of total energy of a natural system that can be used for work.

Question 33

Inhibition

Answer 33

The condition in which or the process by which an enzyme is inhibited.

Question 34

Metabolism

Answer 34

The chemical processes by which cells produce the substances and energy needed to sustain life.

Many metabolic processes are brought about by the action of enzymes.

Question 35

Metabolic pathway

Answer 35

Any of the sequences of biochemical reactions, catalysed by enzymes, that occur in all living cells: concerned mainly with the exchange of energy and chemicals.

Question 36

Open system

Answer 36

A region separated from its surroundings by a boundary that admits a transfer of matter or energy across it.

Question 37

Order

Answer 37

A taxonomic category of organisms ranking above a family and below a class.

Question 38

Phosphorylate

Answer 38

to introduce the phosphoryl group into (an organic compound).

Question 39

Ribose

Answer 39

A pentose sugar occurring as a component of riboflavin, nucleotides, and nucleic acids.

Ex) Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.

Question 40

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 40

The principle that no cyclic process is possible in which heat is absorbed from a reservoir at a single temperature and converted completely into mechanical work

Question 41

Substrate

Answer 41

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 42

Thermal energy

Answer 42

Energy in the form of heat.

Question 43

Transformation

Answer 43

The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell by introduction of DNA from another cell or from a virus.