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Biochemical Engineering > Cell Dogma Part 1 > Flashcards

Cell Dogma Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ability to coordinate a wide variety of chemical reactions that makes a cell “a cell”

A

Metabolic Regulation

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2
Q

Metabolic Regulation Key Feature:

A

flow and control of information

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3
Q

Metabolic Regulation

A

Similar to computers

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4
Q

Metabolic Regulation

A

Information storage, processing and transmission

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5
Q

Metabolic Regulation

A

Chemical Signals

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6
Q

Information flow and Control

A

Molecular Biology

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7
Q

Most Important Region:

A

DNA - RNA - Protein

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8
Q

Synthesis of ______ in the ________.

A

mRNA, nucleus

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9
Q

Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via _______.

A

nuclear pore

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10
Q

Language of the Cellular

A

DNA

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11
Q

DNA Consist only of four letters:

A

A,G,T,C (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

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12
Q

These letters make 3-letter ______ in a variety of combinations

A

“words”

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13
Q

These words when________ represent a particular amino acid

A

“expressed”

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14
Q

Or a ________ or stop synthesis

A

“period”

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15
Q

Words put into sequence: ________

A

sentence

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16
Q

Sentence: _________

A

gene

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17
Q

Numerous sentences: _________

A

book

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18
Q

3 main components of macromolecules

A

proteins (polymers of amino acids), nucleic acids (polymers of nucleotides), carbohydrates (polymers of sugars) and lipids

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19
Q

Level language preservation and expression

A

Genetic

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20
Q

Double helix structure is important in preservation:

A

strands are complementary

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21
Q

Information is in the arrangement of the ______.

A

four letters

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22
Q

predetermined site; origin of replication

A

Initiation

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23
Q

_____________ breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands at origin

A

Initiator proteins/ enzymes

24
Q

________ strands separate

A

DNA

25
Q

The ______________ is formed

A

replication fork

26
Q

________ added at initiation site to start DNA synthesis

A

RNA “primer”

27
Q

is a small piece of RNA that is complimentary to a specific section of DNA and will bind to that section of DNA

A

“primer”

28
Q

DNA synthesized by enzyme ____________.

A

DNA polymerase

29
Q

Nucleotides of DNA always added to ______.

A

terminal 3’ group

30
Q

_________ strand synthesized continuously

A

“Leading”

31
Q

DNA polymerase must jump ahead and work backward on _________________.

A

“lagging” strand

32
Q

DNA fragments on lagging strand are called __________.

A

Okazaki fragments

33
Q

Fragments joined by an enzyme called ______________.

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

Glycolysis/EMP

A

Glucose → Pyruvate

35
Q

TCA Cycle/Krebs/Citric Acid

A

pyruvate → CO2 + NADH

36
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

O2 → H2O → NADH → NAD } H+ gradient } ADP → ATP

37
Q

Three major pathways

A

monophosphate (HMP, also called pentose phosphate), Enter-Doudoroff: (ED), and Embden-Meyerholf-Parnas (EMP, also called glycolysis)

38
Q

Primary pathway is _______, an anaerobic pathway that terminates with the production of pyruvate

A

Embden-Meyerholf-Parnas (EMP)

39
Q

For each glucose molecule, ________________ and ______________________.

A

two molecules of ATP are generated and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced

40
Q

Net Reaction of Glucose:

A

Glucose → 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

41
Q

Aerobic pyruvate enters TCA cycle producing CO2 and NADH

A

Utilization of Pyruvate

42
Q

__________ enters TCA cycle producing CO2 and NADH

A

Aerobic pyruvate

43
Q

Anaerobic pyruvate is converted to ___________, ____________, and ________________.

A

ethanol, lactic acid, acetone, butanol and/or acetic acid (original definition of fermentation)

44
Q

TCA Cycle

A

Called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

45
Q

__________ undergoes oxidative decarboxylation with ____________ to form ____________, the immediate precursor for the TCA cycle

A

Pyruvate, coenzyme A (CoA) , and acetyl-CoA

46
Q

TCA Cycle Highlights

A
  • Two carbon atoms enter cycle
  • Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidative reactions
  • One high energy phosphate bond is formed (GTP)
  • Two water molecules are consumed
  • NADH formed is used as reducing power to generate ATP in electron transport chain
47
Q

_________ intermediates can be funneled off for biosynthesis

A

TCA cycle

48
Q

_____ is used as a ___________ in protein synthesis and signal transduction processes, or is easily interchangeable with ATP.

A

GTP, phosphoryl donor

49
Q

These intermediates are replaced by anaplerotic reactions (Greek “to fill up”)

A

Replenishing Intermediates

50
Q

Replenishing Intermediates

A

Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP + H2O → oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi +2H+

51
Q

Cells can also “fix” CO2 to ________________.

A

replace intermediates (heterotrophic CO2 fixation)

52
Q

Growth rate can actually be limited by _________________.

A

CO2 availability.

53
Q

_________________ can occur by using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

Anaerobic respiration

54
Q

Many cells can also generate energy without the electron transport chain, but with a lower efficiency

A

Anaerobic Alternatives

55
Q

No net oxidation or reduction since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required TCA cycle

A

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

56
Q

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

A

Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + H+ → 2 ethanol + 2CO2 + 2 ATP + 2H2O

57
Q

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

A

Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2H2O

Biochemical Engineering (5 decks)

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