Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 1

_______________ is based on cell division or the reproduction of cells.

Answer 1

The continuity of life

Question 2

It is an ordered series of events involving cell growth.

Answer 2

Cell cycle

Question 3

Cell division produces _____ new daughter cells.

Answer 3

Two (2)

Question 4

What is the first step in the cell cycle?

Answer 4

Interphase: G1 phase (First Gap, or Gap 1)

Question 5

Explain what occurs in Gap 1 phase

Answer 5

The cell increases in size and volumes, and carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and enzymes, are produced in preparation for S & M phase.

Question 6

G1 phase occurs in the first ___ hours of the cell cycle.

Answer 6

Ten (10)

Question 7

Cell division, or mitosis, occurs in what kind of cell?

Answer 7

Somatic cells

Question 8

What is the next step after G1?

Answer 8

G1/S Checkpoint

Question 9

What occurs during the G1/S checkpoint?

Answer 9

Damages in DNA are checked, and if the cell does not meet the checkpoint requirements, it will go back to a resting phase called G0.

Question 10

Stimulating proteins include?

Answer 10

Growth factors, Cyclin and Cyclin Dependent Kinases

Question 11

Inhibiting proteins include?

Answer 11

TP53 protein, Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein

Question 12

What does TP53 protein do?

Answer 12

It is a tumor suppressor. Used to regulate and control the production of tumors (that occurs in the cell cycle).

Question 13

What does retinoblastoma protein do?

Answer 13

It is also a tumor suppressor protein

Question 14

This is also called resting phase, or non-dividing phase, where the cells fail from the G1/S checkpoint.

Answer 14

G0 phase

Question 15

Cells are (allowed or not allowed?) to go back to the cell cycle if they are in the G0 phase.

Answer 15

Allowed, provided that they have the sufficient resources to grow and divide.

Question 15

Why do cells go into G0 phase instead of proceeding to S phase?

Answer 15

It receives a signal to differentiate, or when resources (such as nutrients and DNA) are insufficient to grow and divide.

Question 16

S phase stands for?

Answer 16

Synthesis

Question 17

Explain what happens during S phase

Answer 17

From the word “SYNTHESIS” itself, this phase synthesizes DNA to prepare for cell division. By the end of the S phase, there will be 2 complete sets of chromosomes.

Question 18

How long does the S phase last?

Answer 18

8 hours

Question 19

What organelle is produced in S phase?

Answer 19

Centrosomes

Question 20

What are centrosomes?

Answer 20

They are a small organelle found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a microtubule organization center.

Question 21

What happens during G2 phase?

Answer 21

The cell increases in size and volume, replenishes its energy, and tubulin dimers are synthesized. These occur to prepare the cell for M phase (Mitosis).

Question 22

_______ ensures that all DNA are completely and correctly replicated.

Answer 22

G2 (G/M) phase.

Question 23

If the cell fails in G2 (G/M) Checkpoint, where does it go?

Answer 23

G0 phase, again

Question 24

what are the THREE main functions of mitosis?

Answer 24

for GROWTH, REPAIR, and ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (in unicellular organisms).

Question 25

When mitosis ends, how many daughter cells are produced?

Answer 25

Two (2)

Question 26

what are the SIX phases of mitosis?

Answer 26

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 27

It is the period between two consecutive mitoses

Answer 27

Interphase

Question 28

The nuclear envelope breaks down and gradually dissolves during this phase, the chromatin undergoes condensation through supercoiling, the centrosome duplicates, each one moves to one of the cell's ends, where microtubules are formed.

Answer 28

PROPHASE RAHHHH

Question 29

When chromatin undergoes progressive condensation due to supercoiling, what is formed?

Answer 29

Chromosomes

Question 30

The chromosomes align at the cell's equator with the fibers of the mitotic spindle, and the microtubules attach to each centromere of the chromosomes.

Answer 30

Metaphase (M=Middle, the chromosomes are aligned in the middle)

Question 31

It is when the distribution of the original genetic information occurs.

Answer 31

Anaphase (A=away, they're pulled away from the center)

Question 32

The chromosomes start to decondense, and two new nuclear envelopes begin to form, each containing the information for each new cell.

Answer 32

Telophase

Question 33

It involves the physical separation of the CYTOplasm

Answer 33

Cytokinesis

Question 34

Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid?

Answer 34

Diploid (Mi-TWO-sis, TWO=PAIR=DIPLOID)

Question 35

Meiosis results in ___ daughter cells

Answer 35

4 daughter cells

Question 36

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 36

Reproduction and genetic diversity

Question 37

_____ or gametes, only have _____ chromosome from each pair of chromosome.

Answer 37

sex cells, only 1