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Biology B2 > Cell division and inheritance > Flashcards

Cell division and inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

In body cells, chromosomes are normally found in…

A

…pairs.

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2
Q

Body cells divide by what process?

A

Mitosis.

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3
Q

What happens when a body cell divides by mitosis?

A

Copies of the genetic material are made.

Then the cell divides to form two genetically identical body cells.

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4
Q

Mitosis occurs why?

A

For growth or to produce replacement cells.

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5
Q

Body cells have how many sets of chromosomes?

A

Two.

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6
Q

Sex cells (gametes) have how many sets of chromosomes?

A

One.

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7
Q

Cells where divide to form gametes?

A

In the reproductive organs - testes and ovaries i n humans.

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8
Q

What type of cell division occurs to form gametes?

A

Meiosis.

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9
Q

What happens to a cell when it divides to form gametes?

A

Copies of genetic information are made.

Then the cell divides twice to for four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes.

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10
Q

True or false, when gametes join at fertilisation two body cells with new pairs of chromosomes are formed.

A

False, a single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed.

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11
Q

After fertilisation, a new individual develops by what process?

A

Mitosis.

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12
Q

Most types of animal cells differentiate when?

A

At an early stage.

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13
Q

Many plant cells differentiate when?

A

Many maintain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

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14
Q

In many mature animals, cell division is mainly limited to what?

A

To repair and replacement.

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15
Q

Where can human stem cells be found?

A

Human embryos and adult bone marrow.

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16
Q

Stem cells can be made to do what?

A

They can be made to differentiate into many different types of cells, eg: nerve cells.

17
Q

Human stem cells have what ability?

A

To develop into any type of human cell.

18
Q

Treatments with stem cells can treat what, for example?

A

Paralysis.

19
Q

How are the cells of the offspring produced in asexual reproduction?

A

By mitosis.

20
Q

What can be said about the alleles of the offspring in asexual reproduction?

A

They are identical to the parent.

21
Q

Sexual reproduction gives rise to variation, why?

A

When the gametes fuse, one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent.

22
Q

In the human body, one of the 23 chromosome pairs carries the genes that determine sex. What are the combinations in humans?

A

In females the sex chromosomes are the same (XX); in males the sex chromosomes are different (XY).

23
Q

Some characteristics are determined by a single…

A

…gene.

24
Q

A gene may have different forms known as…

A

…alleles.

25
Q

A dominant allele is what?

A

An allele that controls the development of a characteristic when only present on one of the chromosomes in that pair.

26
Q

A recessive allele is what?

A

An allele that controls the development of a characteristic when the dominant allele is not present.

27
Q

Chromosomes are made up of what?

A

Large molecules of DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid), which has a double helix structure.

28
Q

A gene is what?

A

A small section of DNA.

29
Q

Each gene codes for a particular combination of…

A

…amino acids which make a specific protein.

30
Q

Every person except from who have unique DNA?

A

Identical twins.

31
Q

DNA fingerprinting is a way of doing what?

A

Identifying people due to their DNA being unique.

32
Q

True or false, all disorders are inherited.

A

False, only some disorders are inherited.

33
Q

Polydactyl is what?

A

A genetic disorder which causes the growth of extra fingers or toes. It is caused by the dominant allele therefore can be passed on by one parent having the gene.

34
Q

Cystic fibrosis is what?

A

A disorder of cell membranes. It must be inherited by both parents who must be carriers but do not have the disorder themselves. It is caused by the recessive allele of the gene.

35
Q

True or false, we can now screen embryos for the alleles that cause genetic disorders.

A

True.

Biology B2 (8 decks)

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