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Cell Division and Cell Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

while looking at cork, he discovered cells

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2
Q

3 Parts of Cell Theory

A

All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
Cells come from other, pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

made a simple microscope to see unicellular organisms in pond water

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4
Q

Robert Brown

A

discovered nucleus

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5
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

hypothesized that plants are made of cells

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6
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

hypothesized that animals are made of cells

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7
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

determined the function of the nucleus and that all cells come from pre-existing cells

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8
Q

Reasons Cells Divide

A
  1. DNA overload
  2. Material exchange can’t keep up (transport across membrane - cell is too big)
  3. Growth, repair, and more
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8
Q

The Ability to Transport Materials Across a Membrane Depends On

A

cell surface area

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8
Q

The Need for Transportation Across Membrane Depends On

A

cell volume (SA and V don’t increase at the same rate)

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells (image on left)

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA that is scrunched up in dividing cells, made up of two chromatid arms joined in the middle by a centromere

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8
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes

A

-Bacterial DNA is circular
-No nucleus

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8
Q

DNA in Eukaryotes

A

-DNA is rod-shaped chromosomes
-Many pairs
-Found in nucleus

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

2 identical arms (red)

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10
Q

Centromere

A

constricted area that holds chromatids together (blue)

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11
Q

Homologous Pair

A

2 of each chromosome, similar not identical, one from mom, and one from dad

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12
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

same size, same shape, carry genes for the same trait, but not identical

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13
Q

Binary Fission

A

how bacteria divide

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14
Q

Cell Cycle

A

the repeating steps a cell goes through during its lifetime

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15
Q

G1

A

-Grow bigger
-Cell is “doing its job”
- DNA is spread out as chromatin

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16
Q

S (Synthesis) Phase

A

copy DNA and chromosomal proteins

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17
Q

G2

A

Grow bigger, make organelles and molecules needed for cell division

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18
Q

G0

A

cell stops dividing; rests or stays in G0

19
Mitosis
nuclear division, division of chromosomes, 1 parent—>2 genetically identical daughter cells (prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase)
20
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides (daughter cells separate)
21
Interphase
-Cells are in this phase most of the time -Can see nucleus -DNA spread out as chromatin -G1, S, and G2
22
Prophase
-DNA scrunches into chromosomes -Centrioles appear in centrosome region and move to poles -Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear -Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes
23
Centrosome
the region that organizes spindles
24
Metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
25
Anaphase
-Centromeres split -Centrioles pull chromatids apart
26
Telophase (Reverse Prophase)
-Everything done in prophase is "undone" -See two nuclei -Nuclear membrane and nucleolus return -Chromosomes spread out as chromatin -Centrioles disappear -Spindle fibers disappear
27
Cytokinesis (Animal Cells)
-Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells -Animal cells pinch cytoplasm in two with a cleavage furrow
28
Cytokinesis (Plant Cell)
-Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells -Plant cells can’t pinch because they have a sturdy cell wall -Plant cells separate cytoplasm by growing a cell plate down the middle
29
p53
a gene that aids in preventing mutations which then prevents developing cancer
30
Meiosis
a cell divides twice to produce four genetically different daughter cells with one-half the number of chromosomes of a body cell
31
Centrioles
-Organizing the microtubules that form the spindles -Ensure proper chromosome segregation by positioning themselves at opposite poles of the dividing cell
32
Spindle Fibers
made of microtubules (major components of the cytoskeleton) and separate chromosomes during cell division
33
Cyclins
the family of proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells (regulate timing of the cell cycle)
34
Cancer
the disease in which one of the body’s own cells loses the ability to control cell division
35
Cleavage Furrow
used to split cytoplasm in an animal cell during cytokinesis
36
Cell Plate
used to split cytoplasm in a plant cell because their cell wall keeps them from pinching
37
Metastasis
the spread of cancer cells to a new location in the body
38
Density Dependent Inhibition/Contact Inhibition
cells stop dividing, no more space (all touching)
39
Diploid
a cell or organism that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent (ex. humans) (diploid number for human cells: 46)
40
Haploid
a cell or organism that contains only one set of chromosomes (ex. bacteria) (haploid number for human sex cells: 23)
41
External Regulators
-Proteins that respond to events outside the cell -Signals inform cell to speed/slow down cell cycle
42
External Signals
-Injury
43
Anchorage Dependence
cells must be attached in order to divide
44
Internal Regulators
-Proteins respond to events inside the cell -Cell cycle proceeds only if certain processes have happened
45
Telomeres
-Protective ends on all chromosomes -Protect DNA code from being lost -Become shorter with each replication -Older cells have shorter telomeres
46
Hayflick Limit
the limit on cell replication caused by the shortening of telomeres with each division (most cells divide 20-50 times in culture; then stop, age, die)
47
Telomerase
enzyme that lengthens telomeres (mainly active before birth)
48
Cancer Cells
-"Immortal" -Have increased telomerase activity -Lose control of their cell division genes -Have damaged or faulty p53 gene -Lose contact inhibition and anchorage dependence -Don’t stop dividing
49
No Contact Inhibition
-Cells don’t stop dividing when they touch nearby cells…keep growing -Cancer cells lose contact inhibition -This makes a tumor
50
Transformation
a process that changes a normal cell into a cancer cell
51
Carcinogens
substances that can damage DNA and cause cancer (ex. cigarette smoke, radiation, pollution, and more)
52
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
53
Another Name for Sex Cells
Gametes

Biology (4 decks)

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