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×Biology 1 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A

reproduction at cellular level

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2
Q

purposes of cell division

A

reproduction of single-celled organisms

growth of multicellular organisms

repair and replacement of damaged cells

development of embryo

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3
Q

chromatin

A

material of which chromosomes of eukaryotes are composed

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4
Q

behavior of chromatin before cell division

A

becomes highly compact and visible with microscope

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5
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events that extends from time cell is first formed from dividing parent cell until its own division

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6
Q

stages of cell cycle

A

interphase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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7
Q

interphase

A

active phase in life of cell where cell does its job

longest stage of cell cycle

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8
Q

phases of interphase

A

growth 1 (G1)

synthesis (S)

growth 2 (G2)

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9
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during growth 1 (G1)

A

growth

metabolism

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10
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during synthesis (S)

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during growth 2 (G2)

A

growth

metabolism

formation of microtubules

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12
Q

mitosis

A

process of dividing 1 diploid cell into 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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13
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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14
Q

cells which undergo mitosis

A

diploid (somatic) eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

(stages of mitosis)

prophase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope disappears

1st stage of mitosis

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16
Q

(stages of mitosis)

metaphase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cell and become attached to spindle fibers

2nd stage of mitosis

longest stage of mitosis

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17
Q

metaphase plate

A

plane or region that is approximately equidistant from 2 poles of dividing cell

site where chromosomes align during metaphase

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18
Q

(stages of mitosis)

anaphase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes split to opposite poles of spindle

3rd stage of mitosis

shortest stage of mitosis

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19
Q

(stages of mitosis)

telophase

A

phase in mitosis in which chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell and two nuclei are formed

4th stage of mitosis

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20
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division of cell at end of mitosis or meiosis

brings about separation into two daughter cells

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21
Q

process of cytokinesis in animal cells

A

pinching in of cell membrane at cleavage furrows

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22
Q

process of cytokinesis in plant cells

A

formation of cell plate between nuclei

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23
Q

factors which control cell division

A

presence of essential nutrients

growth factors (proteins that stimulate division)

density-dependent inhibition

anchorage dependence

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24
Q

anchorage dependence

A

need for cells to be in contact with solid surface to divide

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25
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cycling set of molecules in cell that triggers and coordinates key events in cell cycle

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26
Q

functions of checkpoints in cell cycle

A

stoping events

signaling events to proceed

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27
Q

3 major checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G1

G2

M

28
Q

functions of G1 checkpoint in cell cycle

A

allowing entry unto S phase

causing cell to leave cycle (and entering a nondividing G0 phase)

29
Q

cyclin

A

group of proteins that ensure cell tasks are performed as correct time and cell only moves to next stage when appropriate

30
Q

4 main cyclins

A

cyclin D

cyclin E

cyclin A

cyclin B

31
Q

tumor

A

abnormally growing mass of body cells

32
Q

benign tumor

A

tumor which remains at original site

33
Q

malignant tumor

A

tumor which metastisizes

34
Q

metastasis

A

spreading of tumor to other locations

35
Q

sex chromosome

A

chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism

36
Q

autosome

A

chromosome that does not determine sex

37
Q

number of pairs of autosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

22 pairs

38
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes which are matched in length, centromere position, and gene locations

39
Q

locus

A

position of gene

40
Q

diploid cell

somatic cell

A

cell with 2 homologous sets of chromosomes (1 chromosome of each pair from each parent)

41
Q

haploid cell

gamete

A

cell with 1 set of chromosomes (from 1 parent)

42
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and egg

production of zygote

43
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell resulting from fusion of two haploid gametes

44
Q

meiosis

A

process of dividing 1 diploid cell into 4 haploid daughter cells

45
Q

meiosis I

A

first round of cell division in meiosis wherein homologous pairs are separated

46
Q

meiosis II

A

second round of cell division in meiosis wherein sister chromatids are separated

47
Q

timing of meiosis II

A

before DNA replication gets to occur

48
Q

stages of meiosis

A

prophase I

metaphase I

anaphase I

telophase I

prophase II

metaphase II

anaphase II

telophase II

49
Q

(stages of meiosis)

prophase I

A

phase of meiosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope disappears

involves synapsis

1st stage of meiosis

50
Q

synapsis

A

fusion of chromosome pairs at start of meiosis

51
Q

bivalent

tetrad

A

pair of homologous chromosomes

52
Q

(stages of meiosis)

metaphase I

A

phase of meiosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cell and become attached to spindle fibers

2nd stage of meiosis

53
Q

(stages of meiosis)

anaphase I

A

phase of meiosis in which chromosomes split to opposite poles of spindle

3rd stage of meiosis

54
Q

(stages of meiosis)

telophase I

A

phase in meiosis in which chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell and 2 new haploid cells are formed

4th stage of meiosis

55
Q

(stages of meiosis)

prophase II

A

phase of meiosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelopes disappear

5th stage of meiosis

56
Q

(stages of meiosis)

metaphase II

A

phase of meiosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cells and become attached to spindle fibers

6th stage of meiosis

57
Q

(stages of meiosis)

anaphase II

A

phase of meiosis in which sister chromatids split to opposite poles of spindles

7th stage of meiosis

58
Q

(stages of meiosis)

telophase II

A

phase in meiosis in which sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cells and 4 new haploid cells are formed

8th stage of meiosis

59
Q

genetic recombination

A

production of new combinations of genes

caused by crossing over

60
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of corresponding segments between separate (non-sister) chromatids on homologous chromosomes

61
Q

chiasma

A

site of attachment and crossing over on chromatids

62
Q

karyogram

karyotype

A

ordered display of magnified images of one’s chromosomes arranged in pairs

63
Q

function of karyograms

A

observation of homologous chromosome pairs

observation of chromosome numbers

observation of chromosome structure

64
Q

trisomy 21

Down syndrome

A

3 sets of chromosome 21

65
Q

symptoms of trisomy 21

symptoms of Down syndrome

A

mental retardation

characteristic facial features

short stature

heart defects

susceptibility to respiratory infections, leukemia, and Alzheimer’s disease

shortened life span

66
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally during meiosis

67
Q

effect of nondisjunction

A

formation of zygotes with altered numbers of chromosomes

×Biology 1 (8 decks)

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