Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

×Biology 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes which take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cells which perform cell respiration

A

all living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in animals)

A

food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in plants)

A

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

purpose of cell respiration

A

conversion of high-energy compounds (such as glucose) into low-energy molecules (such as ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

A

nucleid acid which functions as source of energy for cell processes

informally known as “currency of the cell”

most often produced by mitochondria during cell respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

source of energy for cell processes

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

reason that carbohydrates and lipids cannot be used as source of energy for cell processes

A

energy from carbohydrates and lipids is too high for usage in cell processes (must be broken down into lower-energy molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

method of dissipation of energy from ATP

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

efficiency of cell respiration

A

inefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

efficiency of cellular use of ATP

A

inefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the loss of electrons from an atom

often includes gain of oxygen atom or loss of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reduction reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the gain of electrons from an atom

often includes loss of oxygen atom or gain of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

redox reaction

reduction-oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction wherein oxidation reaction and reduction reaction occur simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reason that oxidation reactions and reduction reactions are dependent upon each other

A

oxidation involves loss of electrons in 1 atom

reduction involves gain of electrons in another atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effect of electron transfer in redox reactions

A

release of energy stored in organic molecules (used to make ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

catabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that bring about net release of energy by breaking down complex organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that require energy to compose complex organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net loss of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

exergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net gain of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of phosphate group

endergonic reaction

destabilizes molecules (increases reactivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dephosphorylation

A

detatchment of phosphate group

exergonic reaction

stabilizes molecules (decreases reactivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

significance of phosphorylation of ADP

A

converts ADP (which is stable) into ATP (which is reactive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD

A

main electron carrier in cell respiration

transports electrons between reactions in redox reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NAD+

A

oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

NADH

A

reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

aerobic cell respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes which require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

primary reaction site of aerobic cell respiration

A

mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

process of aerobic cell respiration

A

glycolysis

pyruvate oxidation

Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

chemical equation of aerobic cell respiration

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

glycolysis

A

catabolic pathway that converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 smaller pyruvate molecules

occurs in cytoplasm

anaerobic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

activation energy of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

total ATP yield of glycolysis

A

4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

net yield from glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

chemical formula of pyruvate

A

CH3COCOO1-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate decarboxylation

link reaction

A

catabolic pathway that converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A

occurs in mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

transport method of pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondion (and why)

A

active transport (because pyruvate is charged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

process of pyruvate oxidation

A

decarboxylation of pyruvate

connection between acetyl group and coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

net yield of decarboxylation of pyruvate

A

1 acetyl group

1 carbon dioxide molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

chemical formula of acetyl group

A

CH3CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

chemical formula of carbon dioxide

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur

A

coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

coenzyme A

CoA

A

enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur

joins with acetyl group to form acetyl coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

acetyl coenzyme A

acetyl-CoA

A

compound formed by pyruvate oxidation

composed of coenzyme A and acetyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

net yield of pyruvate oxidation

A

1 acetyl coenzyme A molecule

1 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Krebs cycle

citric acid cycle

A

metabolic pathway which releases stored energy through oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A

occurs in mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

process of Krebs cycle

A

combination of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate (formation of citric acid)

decarboxylation (release of 2 carbon dioxide molecules)

reduction of NAD+ into NADH

combination of ADP and Pi (formation of ATP)

reduction of FAD into FADH2

formation of oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

net yield of Krebs cycle

A

4 carbon dioxide molecules

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

50
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

metabolic pathway that converts nutrients into ATP

occurs in mitochondrion

51
Q

efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (in comparison to fermentation)

A

highly efficient

52
Q

components of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

53
Q

electron transport chain

ETC

A

series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors (via redox reactions)

54
Q

functions of electron transport chain in cell respiration

A

transfer electrons across inner-mitochondrial membrane from NADH to oxygen

use proteins to transfer hydrogen ions across membrane of mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

chemical equation of oxidation of NADH in oxidative phosphorylation

A
56
Q

chemical equation of reduction of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A
57
Q

final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

A

oxygen

58
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane (down concentration gradient)

59
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme which creates ATP by combining ATP and Pi

60
Q

net yield of oxidative phosphorylation

A

approximately 28 ATP

1 water molecule

61
Q

anaerobic cell respiration

fermentation

A

metabolic reactions and processes which do not require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

62
Q

efficiency of anaerobic cell respiration

A

inefficient

63
Q

3 conditions under which anaerobic cell respiration occurs

A

need for short (but rapid) burst of ATP production

depletion of oxygen supplies in respiring cells

placement in environment which lacks oxygen

64
Q

anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in animal cells

A

lactic acid fermentation

65
Q

anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in plants and yeast cells

A

alcohol fermentation

66
Q

lactic acid fermentation

lactate fermentation

A

catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 lactate molecules

67
Q

process of lactic acid fermentation

A
68
Q

net yield of lactic acid fermentation

A

2 lactate molecules

2 ATP

69
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 ethanol molecules

70
Q

process of alcohol fermentation

A
71
Q

net yield of alcohol fermentation

A

2 ethanol molecules

1 carbon dioxide molecule

2 ATP

72
Q

anaerobic organism

anaerobe

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

73
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

cannot survive in presence of oxygen

74
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

able to survive in presence of oxygen

75
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy

occurs only in plant and algae organisms

76
Q

primary reaction site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

77
Q

chemical equation of photosynthesis

A
78
Q

chlorophyll

A

primary photosynthetic pigment in plant cells and algae cells

located within chloroplast

79
Q

chlorophyll a

A

photosynthetic pigment which converts solar energy into chemical energy

participates directly in light-dependent reactions

80
Q

chlorophyll b

A

photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions

81
Q

carotenoid

A

photosynthetic pigment which broadens spectrum of colors which can be absorbed in photosynthesis

participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions

82
Q

2 main processes of photosynthesis

A

light-dependent reactions

light-independent reactions

83
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH

84
Q

photosystem

A

integral proteins found within thylakoid membranes

large protein complexes and pigments which are optimized to harvest light

85
Q

photosystems in photosynthesis (in order of reactions)

A

photosystem II

photosystem I

86
Q

pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem II

A

P680

87
Q

pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem I

A

P700

88
Q

input of photosystem II

A

water molecules

light

89
Q

functions of photosystem II

A

absorb light

split water molecules

90
Q

output of photosystem II

A

plastoquinone

91
Q

input of cytochrome complex

A

plastoquinone

92
Q

cytochrome complex

cytochrome b6f complex

A

enzyme which catalyzes transfer of electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin

93
Q

output of cytochrome complex

A

plastocyanin

ATP

94
Q

input of photosystem I

A

plastocyanin

95
Q

function of photosystem I

A

transfer electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin

96
Q

output of photosystem I

A

ferredoxin

97
Q

input of NADP+ reductase

A

electrons from ferredoxin

NADP+

2 hydrogen ions

98
Q

function of NADP+ reductase

A

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

99
Q

output of NADP+ reductase

A

NADPH

1 hydrogen ion

100
Q

(Calvin cycle)

light-independent reactions

Calvin cycle

A

chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use carbon dioxide molecules into sugar

101
Q

(Calvin cycle)

3 phases of Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation

reduction

RuBP regeneration

102
Q

ribulose biphosphate

RuBP

A

5-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

103
Q

ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

RuBisCO

A

enzyme which facilitates carboxylation of RuBP

used in carbon fixation

104
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

G3P

triose phosphate

TP

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used to create glucose molecules in Calvin cycle

105
Q

3-phosphoglycerate

3PG

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used as intermediate in Calvin cycle

conjugate acid of G3P

106
Q

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

1,3BPG

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used as intermediate in glycolysis and Calvin cycle

107
Q

(Calvin cycle)

carbon fixation

1st phase of Calvin cycle

A

carboxylation of RuBP

108
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of carbon fixation

A

3 RuBP

3 carbon dioxide molecules

109
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of carbon fixation

A

RuBP is carboxylated using RuBisCO

unstable 6-carbon intermediate is formed

short-lived intermediate splits into 3PG

110
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of carbon fixation

A

6 3PG

111
Q

(Calvin cycle)

reduction

2nd phase of Calvin cycle

A

conversion of 3PG into G3P

112
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of reduction

A

6 3PG

6 ATP

6 NADPH

113
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of reduction

A

3PG gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP)

1,3BPG is formed

1,3BPG is reduced (by converting NADPH into NADP+ and Pi)

G3P is formed

G3P molecule is released to form glucose (or other sugar molecule)

114
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of reduction

A

6 G3P

6 ADP

6 NADP+

6 Pi

115
Q

(Calvin cycle)

RuBP regeneration

third phase of Calvin cycle

A

conversion of G3P into RuBP

116
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of RuBP regeneration

A

5 G3P

3 ATP

117
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of RuBP regeneration

A

G3P undergoes structural changes

gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP)

RuBP is formed

118
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of RuBP regeneration

A

3 RuBP

3 ADP

119
Q

photorespiration

A

metabolic process wherein oxygen molecules replace carbon dioxide molecules in RuBisCO

wasteful of carbon dioxide molecules produced by photosynthesis

120
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

light intensity

temperature

carbon dioxide concentration

×Biology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions