Cell Division Flashcards
Mitosis
process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. It is involved in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
Mitosis phases
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Meiosis
cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically distinct haploid (n) cells, which are gametes (sperm and eggs in animals). It is essential for sexual reproduction and ensures genetic diversity
Meiosis phase 1 and 2
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Mitosis interphase
G1 (Gap 1): Cell growth and normal metabolic functions.
S (Synthesis): DNA replication.
G2 (Gap 2): Final preparations for mitosis.
Mitosis prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane begins to break down. Centrioles (in animal cells) begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form.
Mitosis metaphase
Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell (metaphase plate).
Mitosis anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers.
Mitosis telophase
The nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromatids (now chromosomes).
Chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Mitosis cytokinesis
The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.
Meiosis prophase 1
Chromosomes condense and homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis).
Crossing-over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes) occurs, contributing to genetic diversity.
The nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
Meiosis metaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Meiosis anaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) are pulled to opposite poles.
Meiosis telophase 1
The nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromosomes.
The cell undergoes cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid (n) daughter cells.
Meiosis prophase 2
Chromosomes condense and a new spindle apparatus forms in each haploid cell.
Meiosis metaphase 2
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Meiosis anaphase 2
The sister chromatids are finally separated and pulled toward opposite poles.
Meiosis telophase 2
The nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromatids (now individual chromosomes). Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in four non-identical haploid cells.
