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POD > Cell Death Lecture > Flashcards

Cell Death Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Define necrosis

A

spectrum of morphologic changes that follow cell death, largely resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the injured cells

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2
Q

What is irreversible cell injury associated with?

A

Severe swelling of the mitochondria, extensive damage to cell membrane and swelling of lysosomes

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3
Q

What does damage to the lysosomal membrane cause?

A

Leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm which are activated by calcium and other factors –> autodigest the cell and produce extensive damage

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4
Q

What causes swelling?

A

Sodium pumps shutting down and accumulation within the cell

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5
Q

What are some cellular histological changes common to early necrosis?

A

Increased eosin (acid) staining (loss of basophilic mRNA)
Glassy homogenous appearance of cytoplasm (loss of glycogen particles)
Vacuolated or “Moth Eaten” cytoplasm (enzymes with digestive organelles)
Calcification (accumulated calcium)

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6
Q

What do necrotic cells look like under electron microscopy?

A

Discontinuous membrane
Dilation of mitochondria
Intracytoplasmic “myelin” bodies
Aggregates of fluffy material in cytoplasm (denatured proteins)

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7
Q

What are some morphological changes in necrosis?

A

Swelling of cell, disruption of lysosomes and cellular membrane, nuclear condensation, fragmentation and dissolution of the nucleus

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8
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Nuclear condensation

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9
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

Dissolution of the nucleus

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10
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

Nuclear fragmentation

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11
Q

Define coagulative necrosis

A

Result from injury and following acidsosi that denatures proteins and enzymes (blocks proteolysis)

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12
Q

What is coagulative necrosis characterized by?

A

Preservation of the basic outline of the cell and firm texture of the tissue

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13
Q

Define liquefactive necrosis

A

Where there is accumulation of inflammatory cells

Involves complete digestion of dead cells leaving liquid viscous mass

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14
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis characterized by?

A

Local bacterial or fungal infections or hypoxic cell death in the nervous system

Accumulation of dead white cells (pus)

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15
Q

Define fibrinoid necrosis

A

Occurs when antigen and antibody complexes accumulate in the artery wall

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16
Q

Define caseous necrosis

A

Tissue architecture is completely obliterated

Tuberculosis

17
Q

What is caseous necrosis characterized by?

A

White, cheesy appearance marked by amorphous granular debris

18
Q

Define fat necrosis

A

Descriptive of focal areas of fat destruction which occurs as a result of pancreatic lipases into the pancreas and peritoneal cavity (acute pancreatitis)

19
Q

Define apotosis

A

Is the end-point of an energy-dependent cascade of molecular events initiated by certain stimuli
A distinct form of cell death mediated through activation of a coordinated, programmed series of cell events

20
Q

When is apoptosis common?

A 
Development 
Hormone dependent (menstrual cycle)
Continuously proliferating cell populations (tumors)
Certain viral disease (hepatitis)
Stimuli (radiation, heat , etc)
21
Q

What are the three phases of the apoptotic pathways?

A

Decision phase
Commitment phase
Execution phase

22
Q

What is the decision phase?

A

Cell receives a stimulus and depending on both its internal and external environments may or may not trigger to die

23
Q

What is the commitment phase?

A

Cell is committed to death and cannot recover

24
Q

What is the execution phase?

A

Cells activate apoptotic machinery leads to morphological changes that define apoptotic cells
Activates enzymes to carry out cell death

25
Q

What does protein cleavage involve?

A

Activation of cysteine proteases (caspase) which hydrolyze proteins

26
Q

What is protein cross linking?

A

Extensive crosslinking converts cytoplasmic proteins into covalently shrunken cells

27
Q

What are morphologic changes that occur in apoptosis?

A

Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or bodies
Absence of inflammation
Cell membrane remain intact

28
Q

What do Bcl-2 cells cause?

A

Normal cell proliferation

29
Q

What do Bax cells cause?

A

Apoptotic process

30
Q

What is the function of caspases?

A 
Halting cell cycle
Diasbling homeostatic and repair mechanisms
Initiating cell detachment
Dismantling structural components
Flagging dying cells
31
Q

How does Fas ligand regulate?

A

Has a dealth domain –> so activation of FADD activates caspase-8

32
Q

What is the mechanism of apoptosis?

A

Major inducers of apoptosis
Control and regulation are influenced by Bcl-2 family of proteins
Executioner caspase activate cytoplasmic endonucleases and proteases
Formation of apoptotic bodies and phagocytosis

POD (10 decks)

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