Cell Death

Question 1

Define apoptosis.

Answer 1

Programmed cell death.

Question 2

What gene activates the production of anti-mullerian hormone?

Answer 2

SOX9

Question 3

What factor activates SOX9?

Answer 3

SRY

Question 4

During embryogenesis, what is the function of anti-mullerian hormone?

Answer 4

Leads to apoptosis of mullerian structures in the male fetus

Question 5

What cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone?

Answer 5

Sertoli cells

Question 6

What are the 2 mechanisms of apoptosis?

Answer 6

Intrinsic (mitochondrial pathway)

Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway

Question 7

What type of receptor is TNFR1?

Answer 7

Death receptor- ligand is TNF-α

Question 8

What happens in TNFR1 is activated?

Answer 8

Direct activation of initiator caspases (8,10)

Question 9

Initiator caspases activate effector caspases which mediate the execution phase of apoptosis. What enzymes do effector caspeases activate?

Answer 9

Proteases

Endonucleases

Question 10

What term is used to describe the nucleus of an apoptotic cell?

Answer 10

Pyknotic nucleus

Question 11

What genes are contained in the BCL gene family?

Answer 11

Antiapoptotic (BCL-2)

Proapoptotic (BAX/BAK)

Question 12

What component of the mitochondria is released in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 12

Cytochrome C

Question 13

Describe the microscopic appearance of an apoptotic cell’s cytoplasm?

Answer 13

Deeply eosinophilic-staining

Question 14

Define necrosis.

Answer 14

Death of cells + inflammation

Question 15

Define coagulation necrosis.

Answer 15

Preservation of the structural outline of dead cells

Question 16

What is the most common mechanism of coagulation necrosis?

Answer 16

Denaturation of enzymes and structural proteins due to accumulation of lactate

Question 17

What type of tissue has pale infarctions? What type of tissue has hemorrhagic infarctions?

Answer 17

Pale- dense tissue (heart, kidney, spleen)

Hemorrhagic- loose-texture (lungs, small bowel, testicle)

Question 18

Where do most systemic emboli originate?

Answer 18

Left side of heart

Question 19

What is the second most common cause of small bowel infarction?

Answer 19

Indirect inguinal hernia

Question 20

Coagulation necrosis occurs due to infarction with one exception, what is this exception?

Answer 20

Infarction of the brain which produces liquefactive necrosis

Question 21

Define caseous necrosis.

Answer 21

Caseous material often found in granuloma- accumulation of lipid from pathogens

Question 22

What organisms cause caseous necrosis?

Answer 22

Mycobacterium

Systemic fungi

Question 23

Contrast enzymatic fat necrosis with traumatic fat necrosis.

Answer 23

Enzymatic- activation of pancreatic lipase

Fat- occurs in fatty tissue

Question 24

What is the most common cause of pancreatitis?

Answer 24

Gallstones

Question 25

Define fibrinoid necrosis.

Answer 25

Necrosis of immune mediated disease (fibrin-like material)

Question 26

What 3 structures make up the portal triad?

Answer 26

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common bile duct

Question 27

What do the portal vein/hepatic artery empty blood into?

Answer 27

Sinusoid

Question 28

Detail the flow of blood from sinusoids into the IVC.

Answer 28

Sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic vein
IVC

Question 29

What gives nutmeg liver its appearance?

Answer 29

Accumulation of RBCs- hepatic vein congestion

Question 30

What condition occurs when a thrombus forms in the hepatic vein?

Answer 30

Budd–Chiari syndrome