Cell Death

Question 1

Kinds of Cell death

Answer 1

1. Apoptosis –> Programed cell death
2. Necrosis – pathological cell death

Question 2

Apoptosis cs. necrosis cell size

Answer 2

Apoptosis –> Cell gets smaler

Necrosis –> Cell swells

Question 3

Apoptosis Vs Necrosis CM

Answer 3

Apoptosis –> Intact CM

Necrosis –> Loses CM

Question 4

Apoptotic body

Answer 4

Pieces of the cell that are still membrane bound come off of main cell – has lots of DNA

***Blebs come off of cell in aptosis – have DNA in them

Question 5

Affect of Cancder drugs

Answer 5

Most cancer drugs = cause the cell to undergo apoptosis NOT necrosis

***don’t care about necrosis for cancer

Question 6

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis number of cells

Answer 6

Apoptosis –> Typically occurs in single cells

Necrosis –> Often occurs in many cells together

Question 7

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis cell size + CM

Answer 7

Apoptosis –> Cells shirnk

Necrosis –> Cells swell = CM breaks (lose osmotic control)

Question 8

Why doe cells shrink in Apoptosis

Answer 8

Because blebs come off – get apoptotic bodies that have DNA in them

Question 9

Inducing necrosis

Answer 9

Can be done by adding ATP inhibitors or ionmycon

Question 10

Why does Necrosis cell swell

Answer 10

Because loses osmolarity (lose osmotic control)

Question 11

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Inflamatory response

Answer 11

Apoptosis –> little inflamitory reponse

Necrosis –> Have inflamatory reponse

Question 12

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis ATP

Answer 12

Apoptosis –> Requires ATP – to dies = need ATP (most mechanisms underlying apoptosis = ATP dependent)

Necrosis – NO ATP required

Question 13

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Phagocytosis

Answer 13

Apoptosis – phagocytosis can occur –> neighbroing cells = take up apoptic bodies

Question 14

Apoptosis + ATP

Answer 14

Apoptosis = requires ATP – most processes in Apoptosis = ATP dependent

Example – Casphase enzymes = require ATP

Question 15

Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Gel

Answer 15

Aptosis –> get ladder – have non-randome DNA cleavage

Necrosis –> get smear – have random DNA cleavage

Question 16

Rita Levi Montalcini

Answer 16

Around during WW2 –> was studying NGF

OVERALL – she idntofied NGF

She was an embryologist – tried to do work in WW2

Story:
She was fired because she was Jewish –> she did reserach by going from attic to attic with her microscope slides and microscope as she was being chased by the germans

Looked at cells that were alive + dead –> she was looking at why they dies – found that they die because of apoptosis
- First to recognize this

Question 17

John Kerr

Answer 17

Looking at the liver – looks at the portal vein –> ligated the vein so that there was no blood and looked at the cells after time

FOUND – in the center were the portal vein exited he found dead necroric cells + on teh outside there were also cells that dies BUT they looked different

Called outside cell “shirnking necrosis” – now know that what he saw was apoptosis
- Shrinkning necrosis = apoptosis

Question 18

NGF study

Answer 18

Based on Rita’s observation

Look at Limb Buds:
Limb Bud 1 – remove nerve bud = most die

More nevre bud = more survive

Nerve bud = secretes NGF –> Spinal neurons migrate because of NGF

Question 19

SO WHAT IS CELL BIOLOGY

Answer 19

It is a multidisciplinary science that involves engineering, biotechnology, bioethics, politics, federal regulation and of course all the research tools that we discussed at the beginning of the course

Question 20

Future of cell biology (general)

Answer 20

Bioethics. We can now do things that are considered by many as not ethical. But it will be your decision on what is ethical by supporting/not supporting federal legislation

Question 21

Eugenics

Answer 21

Overall – taking what we know and making a better you

Company – Genomic prediction is an IVF comany in NJ that has developed a Polygenic Risk scpres that can predict through pre-implanation gentic diagnosis disease probability –> Legal

BUT PRS could predct things like inteligence in the future – look at spark traits

Question 22

Making human Blastocystes

Answer 22

We can make human blastocystes out of stem cells

Blastoids = preimplantation constructs made from human stem cells that model pre-implantation blastocysts

***Being used with cultured human uterine cells – better understand how they stick to the uterine wall + test non-hormal controceptices (SC144) + imporve IVF procedures