Cell Death Flashcards
Kinds of Cell death
- Apoptosis –> Programed cell death
- Necrosis – pathological cell death
Apoptosis cs. necrosis cell size
Apoptosis –> Cell gets smaler
Necrosis –> Cell swells
Apoptosis Vs Necrosis CM
Apoptosis –> Intact CM
Necrosis –> Loses CM
Apoptotic body
Pieces of the cell that are still membrane bound come off of main cell – has lots of DNA
***Blebs come off of cell in aptosis – have DNA in them
Affect of Cancder drugs
Most cancer drugs = cause the cell to undergo apoptosis NOT necrosis
***don’t care about necrosis for cancer
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis number of cells
Apoptosis –> Typically occurs in single cells
Necrosis –> Often occurs in many cells together
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis cell size + CM
Apoptosis –> Cells shirnk
Necrosis –> Cells swell = CM breaks (lose osmotic control)
Why doe cells shrink in Apoptosis
Because blebs come off – get apoptotic bodies that have DNA in them
Inducing necrosis
Can be done by adding ATP inhibitors or ionmycon
Why does Necrosis cell swell
Because loses osmolarity (lose osmotic control)
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Inflamatory response
Apoptosis –> little inflamitory reponse
Necrosis –> Have inflamatory reponse
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis ATP
Apoptosis –> Requires ATP – to dies = need ATP (most mechanisms underlying apoptosis = ATP dependent)
Necrosis – NO ATP required
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Phagocytosis
Apoptosis – phagocytosis can occur –> neighbroing cells = take up apoptic bodies
Apoptosis + ATP
Apoptosis = requires ATP – most processes in Apoptosis = ATP dependent
Example – Casphase enzymes = require ATP
Apoptosis Vs. Necrosis Gel
Aptosis –> get ladder – have non-randome DNA cleavage
Necrosis –> get smear – have random DNA cleavage
Rita Levi Montalcini
Around during WW2 –> was studying NGF
OVERALL – she idntofied NGF
She was an embryologist – tried to do work in WW2
Story:
She was fired because she was Jewish –> she did reserach by going from attic to attic with her microscope slides and microscope as she was being chased by the germans
Looked at cells that were alive + dead –> she was looking at why they dies – found that they die because of apoptosis
- First to recognize this
John Kerr
Looking at the liver – looks at the portal vein –> ligated the vein so that there was no blood and looked at the cells after time
FOUND – in the center were the portal vein exited he found dead necroric cells + on teh outside there were also cells that dies BUT they looked different
Called outside cell “shirnking necrosis” – now know that what he saw was apoptosis
- Shrinkning necrosis = apoptosis
NGF study
Based on Rita’s observation
Look at Limb Buds:
Limb Bud 1 – remove nerve bud = most die
More nevre bud = more survive
Nerve bud = secretes NGF –> Spinal neurons migrate because of NGF
SO WHAT IS CELL BIOLOGY
It is a multidisciplinary science that involves engineering, biotechnology, bioethics, politics, federal regulation and of course all the research tools that we discussed at the beginning of the course
Future of cell biology (general)
Bioethics. We can now do things that are considered by many as not ethical. But it will be your decision on what is ethical by supporting/not supporting federal legislation
Eugenics
Overall – taking what we know and making a better you
Company – Genomic prediction is an IVF comany in NJ that has developed a Polygenic Risk scpres that can predict through pre-implanation gentic diagnosis disease probability –> Legal
BUT PRS could predct things like inteligence in the future – look at spark traits
Making human Blastocystes
We can make human blastocystes out of stem cells
Blastoids = preimplantation constructs made from human stem cells that model pre-implantation blastocysts
***Being used with cultured human uterine cells – better understand how they stick to the uterine wall + test non-hormal controceptices (SC144) + imporve IVF procedures
