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Biology > Cell cycle test > Flashcards

Cell cycle test Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

cell grows and copies DNA
for cell division

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

nucleus and nuclear material divide

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2
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

X - shaped lines

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

loose DNA

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2
Q

Sister chromatid

A

the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome

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3
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  1. Replace old or damaged cells
  2. Growth
  3. Maintain high surface area to volume ratio
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3
Q

Centromere

A

center ball holding chromosomes together

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4
Q

How is surface area calculated?

A

length width #of sides

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5
Q

Is it better for a cell to be large or small

A

small

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5
Q

How is volume calculated?

A

length x width x height

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6
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the cell gets larger

A

decreases

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7
Q

What are two problems that cells face if they are too large

A

Cell transport and cell communication both are slow and inefficient

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8
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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9
Q

What are the three stages of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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9
Q

Which is the shortest

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

Which stage is the longest

A

interphase

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11
Q

what happens in each stage of interphase

A

G1 - cell is growing getting ready to copy DNA
S - DNA is copied
G2 - copy organelles,
centrioles made

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do most cells in your body have?

A

46

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13
Q

How many copies of each chromosome are there before S phase in interphase?

A

one copy of each chromosome

13
Q

Where do the chromosomes come from?

A

23 from mom and 23 from dad

14
Q

How many copies of each chromosome are there After S phase?

A

2 identical copies

15
Q

why are sister chromatids joined together?

A

to ensure that each daughter cell receives an equal complement of chromosomes

15
Q

Why do your chromosomes need to be copied before mitosis?

A

to make sure that each daughter cell has a full set.

15
Q

centriole

A

organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.

16
Q

What part of the cell is being divided during mitosis?

A

the nucleus

17
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

17
Q

What happens during each stage of mitosis

A

prophase - Nuclear membrane dissolves Chromatin (loose DNA) condenses into
chromosomes (condensed DNA) Centrioles migrate to poles Spindle forms
metaphase - -Spindle apparatus lines chromosomes up in the
middle of the cell
anaphase - Sister chromatids are pulled apart
telophase - Two new nuclei form,nuclear membrane reforms, spindle and
centrioles disappear, chromosomes relax
into chromatin (opposite of prophase steps)

17
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm splits to form two new identical cells

18
Q

How is cytokinesis different for animal and plant cells?

A

Animal Cell - Cleavage furrow
Plant Cell - Cell plate forms

19
Q

What types of cells undergo mitosis and the cell cycle

A

all eukaryotic animal cells

20
Q

Do prokaryotic cells use mitosis to divide. why or why not

A

no - there is no nucleus

21
Q

How many daughter (new) cells are produced at the end of the cell cycle?

A

four unique daughter cells

22
Q

If the parent cell has 20 chromosomes at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have?

A

20

23
Q

Cyclin

A

work together to control different stages of the cell cycle

24
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase

A

work together to control different stages of the cell cycle

25
Q

Cancer

A

out of control growth and cell
division

26
Q

Carcinogen

A

substance known to cause cancer

27
Q

Mutation

A

permanent change in DNA

28
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

In a normal cell cycle, what is the name of the proteins that work together to regulate the different phases of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin proteins

30
Q

What problems with the cell cycle can cause cancer

A

tumors can form
cancer cells crowd out normal cells, killing
them

31
Q

What causes the problems in the cell cycle that can result in cancer?

A

Mutations in genes

32
Q

How can cancer cells kill an organism?

A

-cancer cells crowd out normal cells, killing
them

33
Q

Stem cell

A

-Unspecialized cells that can become many types
of specialized cells under right conditions

34
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

able to become any cell type
research with this type of stem cell is
controversial

35
Q

Adult stem cell

A

name is misleading → in babies, too
can become different cell types, depends on
where in the body they are

36
Q

Which type of stem cell is controversial and why?

A

depending on when you believe life starts

Biology (5 decks)

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