Biology Midterm Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Biology
A
The study of life
2
Q
Organism
A
anything that has or once had all 8 characteristics of life
3
Q
Stimulus
A
what is happening to you, something that causes a reaction
4
Q
Response
A
regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life
5
Q
Adaptation
A
characteristic in a species that changes over time in response to a long-term change in environment, allowing the species to survive
6
Q
Observation
A
direct method of gathering information in an orderly way
7
Q
Inference
A
a logical conclusion based on observation and previous knowledge/experience
8
Q
Hypothesis
A
testable explanation of a situation
9
Q
inference
A
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
10
Q
Scientific method
A
the method used by scientists to gather information and answer questions
11
Q
Control group
A
a group that is not exposed to the factor being tested, used to compare results.
12
Q
Experimental group
A
group exposed to the factor being tested.
13
Q
Independent variable
A
a factor that is changed by the scientist, the tested factor that might affect the outcome of the experiment
14
Q
Dependent variable
A
what is being measured in an experiment, depends on the change to the independent variable
15
Q
Data
A
information gained from experiments and observation
16
Q
Quantitative data
A
numerical data collected by conducting a controlled experiment
17
Q
Qualitative data
A
information collected during a controlled experiment that is descriptive (not numbers)
18
Q
Controlled experiment
A
an experiment where only one variable (independent) is changed
19
Q
constant/controlled variable
A
any factor that stays the same throughout a controlled experiment
20
Q
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
A
G - growth C - cells O - organization E - requires energy S - responds to stimuli H - maintain homeostasis A - adaptation R - result of reproduction.
21
Q
how many charecteristics of life does somthing need to be considerd living
A
all 8
22
Q
What would a Biologist study? List some examples.
A
Living things, humans, plants, animals, and the environments where they live
23
Q
What is the correct sequence of steps of the scientific method? Identify what happens in each step. Be able to identify the steps of the scientific method in a hypothetical situation
A
1-observe 2. Question 3. Research 4. Hypothesis 5. Conduct a controlled experiment 6. Analyze data 7. Report conclusions
24
Q
What is the purpose of a control group in a scientific experiment?
A
The group that is not tested is for comparison
25
What is the difference between an observation and an inference? Give an example of each. Which one comes first, observation or inference?
Observation - 5 senses inference-drawing a logical conclusion based on your observations
26
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? Give an example of each and be prepared to identify data as qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative - descriptions quantitative - data/numbers
27
Why do we use the metric system in science? What are measurements based on?
based on powers of 10 converting from one prefix to another, uses decimals Communication between scientists is easier/consistent
28
Homeostasis
regulation of an organism's internal conditions to maintain life
29
How does each of the different types of bonds form?
covalent - atoms share electrons
van der Wal - force between positive and negative charge on atoms or molecules close together
ionic - attraction of two oppositely charged atoms
30
What is a polar molecule? Draw the example of a polar molecule discussed in class. Explain and show on the molecule you've drawn why it's polar.
Polar = molecule that has positive and negative areas ex. Molecule water molecule drawing *Mickey Mouse. Negative on a water molecule hydrogen - positive, oxygen - negative
31
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
32
How can an enzyme become denatured? Can a denatured enzyme be used or repaired?
If you increase or decrease the pH or temperature from optimum the enzyme will denatured or unfold. enzymes cannot be repaired after being denatured.
33
What can influence an enzyme's activity (speed it up or slow it down)
Speed up - increase enzyme concentration in crease substrate concentration, optimum temp optimum ph
Slow down - decrease enzyme conc. Decrease substrate concentration conc. Move ph or temp away from optimum ph
34
What makes a molecule organic?
Carbon
35
How many bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?
4
36
function and examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
carbohydrates - quick energy and structural support ex simple sugars
Lipids - long term energy storage acts as insulation ex. saturated and un saturated
proteins - speed up chemical reactions. structural support between and inside the cell ex enzyme, hair, nails
nucleic acids - stores and transmits genetic info ex DNA RNA
37
What atoms are present in each of the macromolecules?
Carbohydrates - C,H,O
Lipids - C,H
proteins - C,H,O,N,S
nucleic acids - C,H,O,N,P
38
What ratio are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in carbohydrates
1C 2H 1O
39
Which atom is unique to nucleotides? Amino acids?
nucleotides - phosphorus
amino acids - sulfur
40
What is the difference between a monounsaturated and a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
monounsaturated fat (such as oleic acid found in olive oil) has one double-bond, and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double-bond.
41
Magnification
how many times an object is enlarged
42
Prokaryote
a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
43
Eukaryote
organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
44
What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?
Exothermic - energy is released
endothermic - energy is absorbed
45
Can enzymes be reused after they've been used in a chemical reaction?
yes
46
What is an enzyme's role and how does it function? Can you label an energy graph showing a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme (line with an enzyme and without an enzyme, reactants, products, activation energy, energy released/absorbed)?
Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
47
Why is the "lock and key" model used to describe a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme? Draw a picture representing this. Be able to identify what molecule is the lock and which is the key.
Lock - active site. Key - substrate
Substrate for a chemical reaction can only fit into one active site
Packman - enzyme with active site substrate pizza
48
What is an example of a prokaryotic organism? Eukaryotic organism?
Prokaryotic - bacteria
Eukaryotic - animal, plants, fungi, and protists cells.
49
Which microscope allows you to view viruses?
Electron microscope
50
How many times can a compound light microscope magnify a specimen? Electron microscope?
Compound light microscope - 1000x
Electron microscope - 500,000x
51
What are the differences between a compound light microscope and an electron microscope?
Compound light - 2 glass lenses used to magnify, live and dead specimen
Electron microscope - the specimen has to be dead to use, better resolution, difficult specimen preparation.
52
How do you calculate the total magnification of a specimen observed with a compound light microscope?
multiplying the magnification of the ocular lense to the magnification of the objective lense
53
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
54
Nucleus
contains the cell's DNA info in DNA used to make proteins for cells
55
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
56
What are the 4 parts all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have in common?
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm
57
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
magnification is how close up you can see something where resolution is how clearly you cans see something.
58
Smooth ER
no ribosomes are attached, makes complex carbohydrates and lipids (including phospholipids)
59
Rough ER
ribosomes are attached making proteins
60
Vacuole
Sac used to store food, enzymes, water, and other materials needed by a cell
61
Cytoskeleton
a network of long thin protein fibers inside cell
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
63
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
64
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
65
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
66
Golgi Body
Flattened sack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins made in rough ER in vesicles (membrane sacs) for transport outside of the cell
67
Cell Wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
68
Centrioles
Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only
69
Flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell mobility
70
Compare (similar) and contrast (different) cilia and flagella.
They are both found in animal cells, Cilia - short, numerous hair-like projections that move like oars in a row boat. Flagella- longer, less numerous aid in locomotion and feeding
71
Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?
rough ER or cytoplasm
72
What organelles are found in animal cells and not plant cells
centrioles and lysosomes
73
Where do the chemical processes take place in a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
74
Where do the chemical processes take place in a prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm
75
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
76
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
77
selective permeability
some substances can pass through while keeping others
out
78
hydrophobic
Water fearing
79
polar
having a pair of equal and opposite charges
80
hydrophilic
water loving
81
How does the cell membrane help cells to maintain homeostasis
controls what
comes in and out of the cell
82
fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
83
Give the function for each of the following parts of the cell membrane.
proteins (3)
cholesterol (1)
carbohydrates (2)
proteins - Receptors - transmit signals (info) from outside
the cell to the inside Act as a support structure Provide pathways for substances to enter/leave
the cell
cholesterol - prevents fatty acid tails
from sticking together
→keeps cell membrane
fluid (moving)
carbohydrates - help identify chemical signals
- used to recognize other
cells
84
Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer?
Cell membrane made of 2 layers of phospholipids
85
non-polar
equal sharing of electrons
86
What are the 4 parts that make up the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates
87
Fluid
phospholipid bilayer moves
88
Mosaic
art made with tiles
89
Why is the cell membrane described as the fluid-mosaic model?
Parts of plasma membrane look
like a mosaic with tiles that move
90
Polar head that loves water is known as
hydrophilic
91
Non-polar fatty acid tail that hates water is known as
hydrophobic
92
Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?
because it allows some things through but not all
93
Active transport
requires energy low to high
94
How are the phospholipid layers oriented in the cell membrane?
hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails oriented inward
95
passive transport
does not require energy, high to low
96
diffusion
passive transport,Does not require a cell -Substances move from area of high concentration to
low concentration until they reach dynamic equilibrium
97
concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
98
solute
substance that is dissolved by solvent
99
dynamic equilibrium
Molecules are evenly spread out but keep moving. There is no net change in concentration
100
facilitated diffusion
Occurs only in cells Passive transport uses proteins to move substances across the cell membrane Substances move from high concentration to low concentration
101
osmosis
passive transport diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane (solutes don't move) water moves from low
solute concentration to high solute concentration
102
isotonic solution
concentration of solute in the
solution and inside cell are the same
103
hypertonic solution
More solutes outside of cell - water moves outside of cell causing it to shrivel
104
hypotonic solution
solution has lower solute
concentration than inside the cell
105
exocytosis
-moves large substances out of the cell
106
endocytosis
-moves large substances into the cell
107
List the 3 types of passive transport and describe each.
Diffusion - -Substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration until they reach dynamic equilibrium
Facilitated Diffusion - Substances move from high
concentration to low concentration
Osmosis - water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
108
Does passive transport require energy? Why or why not?
does not require energy high to low
109
Which type of passive transport does not require a cell?
Diffusion
110
What are the two types of proteins that help in facilitated diffusion and how do they work?
Carrier protein - Changes shape to move molecules through the cell membrane
Channel protein - Creates a channel/tunnel for molecules to move through cell membrane
111
What moves across the membrane in osmosis?
water
112
In osmosis, will water move from low solution concentration to high solute concentration or high solute concentration to low solute concentration?
low solute concentration to high solute concentration
113
List the 3 examples of active transport and describe what happens in each.
Protein Pump - -Protein that move molecules/solutes from low
concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient) across the cell membrane
Endocytosis - moves large substances into the cell
exocytosis - moves large substances outside the cell
