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Biology Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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2
Q

Organism

A

anything that has or once had all 8 characteristics of life

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

what is happening to you, something that causes a reaction

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4
Q

Response

A

regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

characteristic in a species that changes over time in response to a long-term change in environment, allowing the species to survive

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6
Q

Observation

A

direct method of gathering information in an orderly way

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7
Q

Inference

A

a logical conclusion based on observation and previous knowledge/experience

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable explanation of a situation

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9
Q

inference

A

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

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10
Q

Scientific method

A

the method used by scientists to gather information and answer questions

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11
Q

Control group

A

a group that is not exposed to the factor being tested, used to compare results.

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

group exposed to the factor being tested.

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13
Q

Independent variable

A

a factor that is changed by the scientist, the tested factor that might affect the outcome of the experiment

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14
Q

Dependent variable

A

what is being measured in an experiment, depends on the change to the independent variable

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15
Q

Data

A

information gained from experiments and observation

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16
Q

Quantitative data

A

numerical data collected by conducting a controlled experiment

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17
Q

Qualitative data

A

information collected during a controlled experiment that is descriptive (not numbers)

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18
Q

Controlled experiment

A

an experiment where only one variable (independent) is changed

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19
Q

constant/controlled variable

A

any factor that stays the same throughout a controlled experiment

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20
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

A

G - growth C - cells O - organization E - requires energy S - responds to stimuli H - maintain homeostasis A - adaptation R - result of reproduction.

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21
Q

how many charecteristics of life does somthing need to be considerd living

A

all 8

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22
Q

What would a Biologist study? List some examples.

A

Living things, humans, plants, animals, and the environments where they live

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23
Q

What is the correct sequence of steps of the scientific method? Identify what happens in each step. Be able to identify the steps of the scientific method in a hypothetical situation

A

1-observe 2. Question 3. Research 4. Hypothesis 5. Conduct a controlled experiment 6. Analyze data 7. Report conclusions

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24
Q

What is the purpose of a control group in a scientific experiment?

A

The group that is not tested is for comparison

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25
Q

What is the difference between an observation and an inference? Give an example of each. Which one comes first, observation or inference?

A

Observation - 5 senses inference-drawing a logical conclusion based on your observations

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26
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? Give an example of each and be prepared to identify data as qualitative or quantitative.

A

Qualitative - descriptions quantitative - data/numbers

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27
Q

Why do we use the metric system in science? What are measurements based on?

A

based on powers of 10 converting from one prefix to another, uses decimals Communication between scientists is easier/consistent

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life

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29
Q

How does each of the different types of bonds form?

A

covalent - atoms share electrons
van der Wal - force between positive and negative charge on atoms or molecules close together
ionic - attraction of two oppositely charged atoms

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30
Q

What is a polar molecule? Draw the example of a polar molecule discussed in class. Explain and show on the molecule you’ve drawn why it’s polar.

A

Polar = molecule that has positive and negative areas ex. Molecule water molecule drawing *Mickey Mouse. Negative on a water molecule hydrogen - positive, oxygen - negative

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31
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

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32
Q

How can an enzyme become denatured? Can a denatured enzyme be used or repaired?

A

If you increase or decrease the pH or temperature from optimum the enzyme will denatured or unfold. enzymes cannot be repaired after being denatured.

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33
Q

What can influence an enzyme’s activity (speed it up or slow it down)

A

Speed up - increase enzyme concentration in crease substrate concentration, optimum temp optimum ph
Slow down - decrease enzyme conc. Decrease substrate concentration conc. Move ph or temp away from optimum ph

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34
Q

What makes a molecule organic?

A

Carbon

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35
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

A

4

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36
Q

function and examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

carbohydrates - quick energy and structural support ex simple sugars
Lipids - long term energy storage acts as insulation ex. saturated and un saturated
proteins - speed up chemical reactions. structural support between and inside the cell ex enzyme, hair, nails
nucleic acids - stores and transmits genetic info ex DNA RNA

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37
Q

What atoms are present in each of the macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates - C,H,O
Lipids - C,H
proteins - C,H,O,N,S
nucleic acids - C,H,O,N,P

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38
Q

What ratio are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in carbohydrates

A

1C 2H 1O

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39
Q

Which atom is unique to nucleotides? Amino acids?

A

nucleotides - phosphorus
amino acids - sulfur

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40
Q

What is the difference between a monounsaturated and a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

monounsaturated fat (such as oleic acid found in olive oil) has one double-bond, and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double-bond.

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41
Q

Magnification

A

how many times an object is enlarged

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42
Q

Prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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43
Q

Eukaryote

A

organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.

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44
Q

What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

A

Exothermic - energy is released
endothermic - energy is absorbed

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45
Q

Can enzymes be reused after they’ve been used in a chemical reaction?

A

yes

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46
Q

What is an enzyme’s role and how does it function? Can you label an energy graph showing a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme (line with an enzyme and without an enzyme, reactants, products, activation energy, energy released/absorbed)?

A

Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

47
Q

Why is the “lock and key” model used to describe a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme? Draw a picture representing this. Be able to identify what molecule is the lock and which is the key.

A

Lock - active site. Key - substrate
Substrate for a chemical reaction can only fit into one active site
Packman - enzyme with active site substrate pizza

48
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic organism? Eukaryotic organism?

A

Prokaryotic - bacteria
Eukaryotic - animal, plants, fungi, and protists cells.

49
Q

Which microscope allows you to view viruses?

A

Electron microscope

50
Q

How many times can a compound light microscope magnify a specimen? Electron microscope?

A

Compound light microscope - 1000x
Electron microscope - 500,000x

51
Q

What are the differences between a compound light microscope and an electron microscope?

A

Compound light - 2 glass lenses used to magnify, live and dead specimen
Electron microscope - the specimen has to be dead to use, better resolution, difficult specimen preparation.

52
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification of a specimen observed with a compound light microscope?

A

multiplying the magnification of the ocular lense to the magnification of the objective lense

53
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

54
Q

Nucleus

A

contains the cell’s DNA info in DNA used to make proteins for cells

55
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

56
Q

What are the 4 parts all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have in common?

A

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm

57
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

A

magnification is how close up you can see something where resolution is how clearly you cans see something.

58
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes are attached, makes complex carbohydrates and lipids (including phospholipids)

59
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes are attached making proteins

60
Q

Vacuole

A

Sac used to store food, enzymes, water, and other materials needed by a cell

61
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of long thin protein fibers inside cell

62
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

63
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

64
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

65
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

66
Q

Golgi Body

A

Flattened sack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins made in rough ER in vesicles (membrane sacs) for transport outside of the cell

67
Q

Cell Wall

A

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

68
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

69
Q

Flagella

A

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell mobility

70
Q

Compare (similar) and contrast (different) cilia and flagella.

A

They are both found in animal cells, Cilia - short, numerous hair-like projections that move like oars in a row boat. Flagella- longer, less numerous aid in locomotion and feeding

71
Q

Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?

A

rough ER or cytoplasm

72
Q

What organelles are found in animal cells and not plant cells

A

centrioles and lysosomes

73
Q

Where do the chemical processes take place in a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

74
Q

Where do the chemical processes take place in a prokaryotic cell

A

cytoplasm

75
Q

homeostasis

A

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

76
Q

cell membrane

A

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

77
Q

selective permeability

A

some substances can pass through while keeping others
out

78
Q

hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

79
Q

polar

A

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

80
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

81
Q

How does the cell membrane help cells to maintain homeostasis

A

controls what
comes in and out of the cell

82
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

83
Q

Give the function for each of the following parts of the cell membrane.
proteins (3)
cholesterol (1)
carbohydrates (2)

A

proteins - Receptors - transmit signals (info) from outside
the cell to the inside Act as a support structure Provide pathways for substances to enter/leave
the cell
cholesterol - prevents fatty acid tails
from sticking together
→keeps cell membrane
fluid (moving)
carbohydrates - help identify chemical signals
- used to recognize other
cells

84
Q

Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Cell membrane made of 2 layers of phospholipids

85
Q

non-polar

A

equal sharing of electrons

86
Q

What are the 4 parts that make up the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

87
Q

Fluid

A

phospholipid bilayer moves

88
Q

Mosaic

A

art made with tiles

89
Q

Why is the cell membrane described as the fluid-mosaic model?

A

Parts of plasma membrane look
like a mosaic with tiles that move

90
Q

Polar head that loves water is known as

A

hydrophilic

91
Q

Non-polar fatty acid tail that hates water is known as

A

hydrophobic

92
Q

Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?

A

because it allows some things through but not all

93
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy low to high

94
Q

How are the phospholipid layers oriented in the cell membrane?

A

hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails oriented inward

95
Q

passive transport

A

does not require energy, high to low

96
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport,Does not require a cell -Substances move from area of high concentration to
low concentration until they reach dynamic equilibrium

97
Q

concentration

A

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

98
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved by solvent

99
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

Molecules are evenly spread out but keep moving. There is no net change in concentration

100
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Occurs only in cells Passive transport uses proteins to move substances across the cell membrane Substances move from high concentration to low concentration

101
Q

osmosis

A

passive transport diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane (solutes don’t move) water moves from low
solute concentration to high solute concentration

102
Q

isotonic solution

A

concentration of solute in the
solution and inside cell are the same

103
Q

hypertonic solution

A

More solutes outside of cell - water moves outside of cell causing it to shrivel

104
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solution has lower solute
concentration than inside the cell

105
Q

exocytosis

A

-moves large substances out of the cell

106
Q

endocytosis

A

-moves large substances into the cell

107
Q

List the 3 types of passive transport and describe each.

A

Diffusion - -Substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration until they reach dynamic equilibrium
Facilitated Diffusion - Substances move from high
concentration to low concentration
Osmosis - water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

108
Q

Does passive transport require energy? Why or why not?

A

does not require energy high to low

109
Q

Which type of passive transport does not require a cell?

A

Diffusion

110
Q

What are the two types of proteins that help in facilitated diffusion and how do they work?

A

Carrier protein - Changes shape to move molecules through the cell membrane
Channel protein - Creates a channel/tunnel for molecules to move through cell membrane

111
Q

What moves across the membrane in osmosis?

A

water

112
Q

In osmosis, will water move from low solution concentration to high solute concentration or high solute concentration to low solute concentration?

A

low solute concentration to high solute concentration

113
Q

List the 3 examples of active transport and describe what happens in each.

A

Protein Pump - -Protein that move molecules/solutes from low
concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient) across the cell membrane
Endocytosis - moves large substances into the cell
exocytosis - moves large substances outside the cell

Biology (5 decks)

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