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Biology > Cell Cycle and Cancer > Flashcards

Cell Cycle and Cancer Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Growth of organisms (how we grow)
Repairing damaged cells
Replacing dead cells
Reproduction

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2
Q

How do cells die?

A

Necrosis: due to unrepairable damage
Apoptosis: programmed cell death (planned)

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3
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

The cell grows

The cell grows, makes proteins and organelles, takes nutrients, and eliminates waste. DNA is carried in the form of chromatin.

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4
Q

What happens in the synthesis phase (S phase)?

A

The DNA is replicated

46 single-stranded chromosomes are copied, making 46 double-stranded chromosomes, each made of two sister chromatids held together by centromeres

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5
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

All cells in our body except for gametes (egg and sperm cells)

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6
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

Structures and organelles needed for division are made, centrioles duplicate

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the genetic material

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8
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes
Nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers begin to form
Centrioles move to opposite poles (animal cells only)

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9
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell so each sister chromatid is facing opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to double-stranded chromosomes at the centromere

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10
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere
They are now single stranded chromosomes, and they move to the opposite poles

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11
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Spindle fiber disappears, nuclear membrane reforms, and chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

Division of genetic material complete
The cell starts to pinch at the center and contains two nuclei

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12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

It starts during telophase but isn’t part of mitosis

A

Division of cytoplasm and organelles to form two identical daughter cells

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13
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

Cell membrane pinches at the center forming a cleavage furrow that separates into two daughter cells

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14
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Cell plate forms at the center of the cell, it then becomes the cell wall that separates into two daughter cells

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15
Q

What are cancer cells and how do they form?

A

A cell that divides uncontrollably, cancer cells develop when there’s a DNA mutation

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16
Q

What are the causes of DNA mutations?

A 
Radiation
Viruses 
Chemicals 
Genetics 
Lifestyle choices
17
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Environmental factors that can cause cancer

18
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

When cancer cells spread from their origin

19
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The growth of new blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients so a tumor can grow

20
Q

What are oncoviruses?

A

Viruses that can cause cancer

21
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that cause or increase the risk of having cancer

22
Q

What’s a tumor?

A

Mass of cells that keep dividing with no function, affect the function of nearby cells and tissues.

23
Q

What’s a benign tumor?

A

A tumor that doesn’t spread from the origin

Not considered cancerous

24
Q

What’s a malignant tumor?

A

A tumor that spreads throughout the body to create new tumors
Are considered cancerous
These tumors cause angiogenesis

25
Q

Cancer Treatments: Surgery

A

Physically removing the cancerous tissue

26
Q

Cancer Treatments: Chemotherapy

A

Using drugs to slow or stop cancerous cell division (drugs injected or taken orally)

27
Q

Cancer Treatments: Radiation

A

Damages the DNA of cancer cells with ionizing radiation to stop cell division

28
Q

Cancer Treatments: Immunotherapy

A

Vaccines or antibodies are used to activate the immune system to attack malignant tumours

Biology (3 decks)

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