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foundation block 1 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the apoptosis pathway.

A
  1. Death ligand binds to a death receptor.
  2. Series of caspase proteins activate causing release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
  3. Activates apoptosome and more caspases leading to apoptosis.
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2
Q

When does cleavage of cell membrane occur in mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

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3
Q

Where is cyclin D present?

A

Cyclin D – present all throughout interphase until mitosis.

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4
Q

What are the main two things that occur in apoptosis?

A
  1. Cytochrome c released from mitochodria
  2. Caspase activation
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5
Q

Splits the DNA strands?

A

DNA helicase

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6
Q

When can differentiation occur?

A

Interphase and G0 only.

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7
Q

What is characteristic of apoptosis?

A

Blebbing

No inflammation

Occurs to control growth of cells.

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8
Q

What replaces the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides?

A

Polymerase 2

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9
Q

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

All 46 of the cell chromosomes are duplicated

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10
Q

What occurs in interphase?

A

DNA and organelle replication

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11
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromosomal condensation, Spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane dissolves

Centromeres have moved to opposite ends of the nucleus.

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12
Q

DNA and organelle replication occurs when in the mitosis?

A

Interphase

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13
Q

If integrins are mentioned regarding cell junctions think what?

A

Hemidesmosomes

then think about adherens junctions.

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14
Q

Programmed cell death (Death of cells which is a normal & controlled part of organism’s growth/development) is…

A

Apoptosis

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15
Q

In what phase do the chromosomes line up, spindle fibers attach to centromeres?

A

Metaphase

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16
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Anchor cells to the basement membrane.

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17
Q

A cell junction connecting cells via integrins and cadherins.

A

Adherin junctions

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18
Q

Understand

A
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19
Q

When does chromosomal condensation, Spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane dissolves occur in mitosis?

A

Prophase

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20
Q

Interphase consists of what phases?

A
  • G0
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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21
Q

Destruction of a cell by it’s own enzymes

A

Autolysis

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22
Q

When does apoptosis occur?

A
  • Forming fingers/toes in embryo
  • Menstrual lining
  • Prevents cancer
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23
Q

What are the three types of vesicular transport?

A
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24
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Unprogrammed cell death in response to cellular trauma/injury.

Inflammation

25
Q

What occurs in G1 of the cell cycle?

A
  • Transcription factors activated
  • Protein synthesis
  • Organelle synthesis
  • Responsive to growth factors
26
Q

What kind of receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Tyrosin kinase receptor

27
Q

What does polymerase 1 do?

A

• Polymerase 1 adds DNA nucleotides to the lagging strand in fragments called Okazaki fragments

28
Q

When insulin binds to it’s tyrosine kinase recceptor what happens?

A

Causes vesicles containing GLUT-4 receptros to fuse with the cell surface membrane.

29
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage of the cell membrane

30
Q

What do the G1 and S checkpoints do?

A

Help to prevent anueploidy and polyploidy

31
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

Nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosome groups.

32
Q

What occurs in G2 of the cell cycle?

A

The cell ‘double checks’ the duplicated chromosomes for any errors making any needed repairs.

33
Q

How do tyrosine kinase receptors work?

A
  1. When ligand binds, receptor is activated
  2. Tyrosine molecules on receptor become phosphorylated
  3. This activates other intracellular proteins (second messengers)
34
Q

Cadherins = what junction type?

A

Adherens junction

35
Q

What occurs leading to cell divsion in S phase?

A
  • DNA synthesis
  • Chromosomes duped to form sister chromatids
  • Material may be exchanged between sister chromatids (recombination)
36
Q

Lineage programming relates to what?

A

Cell differentiation

37
Q

What is caspase?

A

Protein involved in programmed cell death.

38
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

Spindles pull sister chromatids apart

39
Q

Understand

A

Understood

40
Q

What are the three types of cell junction and what do they do?

A
41
Q

What forms the phosphodiester bond between fragments?

A

DNA Ligase

42
Q

What happens in G1 of the cell cycle?

A

The cellular contents excluding the chromosomes are duplicated.

43
Q

Where are desmosome junctions found?

A

Cardiac muscle cells.

Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under the tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

44
Q

What is anoikis?

A

Loss of connection between cell in ECM.

45
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Regulated necrosis

Inflammtion

Viral defence mechanism

46
Q

Begins the recruitment of new nitrogen bases in DNA replication?

A

Primase

47
Q

In what direction does DNA replication occur?

A

5’ — 3’ direction

48
Q

Where are each of the cyclin DEAB proteins present?

A
49
Q

In what phase of mitosis do spindles pull sister chromatids apart?

A

Anaphase

50
Q

What are the checkpoint proteins?

A

Cyclin DEAB

51
Q

Understand the cell cycle process.

A
52
Q

What unwinds DNA in DNA replication?

A

Topoisomerase

53
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Phagocytosis of damaged organelles, unused proteins or pathogens.

54
Q

Necrosis often occurs due to what?

A

Ichaemia and Hypoxia

55
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

56
Q

What is happening to the cell in G0?

A

The cell cycle is at rest

57
Q

When in mitosis do the nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosome groups

A

Telophase

58
Q

What are the three checkpoints of mitosis?

A
  1. G1 checkpoint - nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage.
  2. G2 checkpoint - cell size and DNA replication
  3. Metaphase checkpoint for chromosome spindle attachment.

foundation block 1 (5 decks)

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