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Bio 101 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

list the three phases of interphase

A

G1 S G2

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2
Q

what makes spindle fibers

A

centrioles

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3
Q

what do spindle fibers do

A

pull the chromosomes apart

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4
Q

list the four phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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5
Q

list the three phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokineis

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6
Q

metastasize

A

the movement of cancer cells from one body tissue to anouther

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7
Q

two types of cells that never undergo mitosis

A

skin and nerve cells

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8
Q

what are the two types of tumors, which one is cancerous, and why

A

benign and malignant; malignant is cancerous because it can metastasize

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9
Q

three reasons cells divide

A
  1. grow/ develop
  2. replace old/ dead/ damaged cells
  3. make gametes
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10
Q

why does MITOSIS occur in our cells

A

to replace cells and grow and develop

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11
Q

why does MEIOSIS occur in our cells

A

to make sex cells

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12
Q

where does meiosis occur in males and females

A

testes and ovaries

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13
Q

when does meiosis occur in males/females

A

puberty/ before birth

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14
Q

what separates during anaphase II

A

sister chromatids

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15
Q

how many chromosomes are in human somatic cells

A

46

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16
Q

how many chromosomes are in human gametes

A

23

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17
Q

diferenciation

A

when a cell changes to become the type of cell it is going to be

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18
Q

cyclins

A

chemicals that stimulate the division and differentiation of new cells during growth

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19
Q

regeneration

A

the process of growing back lost body parts

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20
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

when new plants grow from the stems, leaves, or roots of an existing plant

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21
Q

prokaryotes divide by the process of what

A

binary fission

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22
Q

when does DNA replication occur

A

s phase of mitosis

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23
Q

in the first phase of binary fission the DNA is …

A

replicated

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24
Q

after two nuclear divisions in meiosis, how many cells result

A

4

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25
Q

two types of gametes

A

sperm and egg

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26
Q

sexual reproduction

A

when separated pieces of parent organisms develop into new individuals

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27
Q

budding

A

when a parent organism produces offspring by growing a tiny replica of itself

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28
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of genes between pairs of homologous chromosomes

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29
Q

genes

A

regions that code for specific traits or characteristics of organisms

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30
Q

what checkpoint occurs in the G2 phase of interphase

A

mitotic spindle check point

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31
Q

adapation

A

the process of change in living populations over time

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32
Q

genetic variation

A

differences among members of a population

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33
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a groove that forms through the middle of the parent cell that divides the cytoplasm

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34
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical strands of DNA that result from replication

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35
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction when one parent produces identical offspring by cell division

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36
Q

a prokaryote’s DNA is ___ and ____

A

circular and single

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37
Q

when in meiosis do HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase I

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38
Q

in metaphase 1 __ occurs allowing the resulting sex chromosomes to be different

A

crossing over

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39
Q

chromosomes become distinctly visible in what phase of mitosis

A

phrophase

40
Q

what separates in anaphase of mitosis

A

chromosomes

41
Q

how many daughter cells are made from mitosis occuring in one parent cell

A

2

42
Q

what is the cell formed when an egg and a sperm fuse

A

zygote

43
Q

what is the process of the fusion of an egg and sperm

A

fertilization

44
Q

what cell has two complete sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

45
Q

what cell has one complete set of chromosomes

A

haploid

46
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus of a cell

47
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm of the cell

48
Q

if the somatic cells = 14 chromosomes, then the haploid # is

A

7

49
Q

is gametes = 16 chromosomes, then # are in the somatic cells

A

32

50
Q

if somatic cells = 28, the diploid # is

A

28

51
Q

what are the two processes that occur during meiosis that allow for genetic variation

A

independent assortment and crossing over

52
Q

in what phase does crossing over occur

A

phrophase I

53
Q

tetrad

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

54
Q

synapisis

A

the process of two homologous chromosomes coming together

55
Q

genes are mutated by what

A

mutagens

56
Q

what are the two genes that work to control the cell cycle

A

protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

57
Q

protooncogenes act as a what

A

gas pedal/speed up division

58
Q

tumor suppressor genes act as a what

A

brakes/ slow down division

59
Q

is a zygote diploid or haploid

A

dipoid

60
Q

telomeres

A

the ends of chromosomes that are lost every time cell division occurs

61
Q

three causes of aging

A

telomeres, cancer, and apoptosis

62
Q

what is necrosis

A

an unplanned/damaged death

63
Q

trisomy

A

an extra copy of a chromosome

64
Q

monosony

A

a missing copy of a chromosome

65
Q

what causes trisomy and monosomy

A

nondisjunction

66
Q

what happens if apoptosis occurs too often

A

you get degenerate diseases

67
Q

what occurs if mitosis is unchecked

A

tumors or cancer

68
Q

what occurs when a gene that makes an enzyme for repairing DNA doesn’t work properly

A

werners syndrom

69
Q

why do people shrink when they get older

A

apoptosis of bone cells

70
Q

apoptosis

A

a planned, programmed death

71
Q

what is made during spermogenesis and how many

A

4 sperms

72
Q

what is made during oogenesis and how many

A

1 ova and 3 polar bodies

73
Q

how is oogenesis different than spermogenesis

A

unequal cytokinesis

74
Q

what are polar bodies and what happens to them

A

small cells made from unequal cytokinesis that disolve

75
Q

which is larger the egg cell or the sperm cell and why

A

egg because it has more cytoplasm

76
Q

name two ways chromosomes can be changed

A

substitution or deletion

77
Q

what three things can be determined by looking at a karyotype

A

gender, change in number of chromosomes, change in structure

78
Q

do all cells have the same life cycle

A

no

79
Q

advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

A

sexual=diversity

asexual=easy to regrow

80
Q

disadv. of sexual and asexual reproduction

A

mutations

81
Q

why is genetic variation so important

A

so we can adapt

82
Q

name the 4 chromosomal mutations

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

83
Q

deletion

A

a piece of a chromosome falls off/ is lost

84
Q

duplication

A

a piece is copied

85
Q

inversion

A

a piece falls off, flips around, and reinserts itself

86
Q

translocation

A

a piece of a non homologous chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

87
Q

name the three checkpoints

A

g1,g2, mitotic spindle

88
Q

g1 checkpoint

A

is the cell big enough

89
Q

g2 checkpoint

A

is the cell big enough to divide and has DNA completely replicated

90
Q

mitotic spindle checkpoint

A

are the chromsomes aligned on the spindle

91
Q

what is trisomy 18

A

Edward’s syndrome; fatal, mental retardation, small brain, cleft lip, flat face, deaftness

92
Q

trisomy 21

A

down’s syndrome; small turned up eyes, small mouth and ears, small flat nose, heart defects, mental cognitive delays

93
Q

trisomy 13

A

pataus syndrome; impacts nervous system, head and face size, heart bone growth

94
Q

monosomy x

A

turner’s syndrome; underdeveloped sexually, sterile, short stature, webbed neck

95
Q

trisomy xyy

A

Jacob’s syndrome; excess acne, very tall, aggressive, delayed emotional maturity

96
Q

trisomy xxy

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome; underdeveloped testes, sterile, feminine characteristics

97
Q

trisomy xxx

A

metafemale; taller, small head, learning disabilities, normal sexual development, fertile, delayed motor skills

Bio 101 (4 decks)

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