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Phase 1 - S1 Medical Cell Biology And Genetics > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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2
Q

What parts is interphase divided into?

A

G1 (cell contents replicated. Increase in size.)
S- (DNA REPLICATION)
G2 - (more cell growth)

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3
Q

What is the G0 stage?

A

A period where the cell stops replicating as there are no signals sent for division. This can be temporary or permanent and usually occurs during G1.

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4
Q

How many checkpoint are there during interphase?

A

3

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5
Q

What occurs at the checkpoint to allow the cycle to continue?

A

The proteins controlling the checkpoints are phosphorylated

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6
Q

What occurs if checkpoint proteins are not phosphorylated?

A

The cell either repairs the damage or undergoes apoptosis

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7
Q

When does the 4th checkpoint occur?

A

Before the chromosome spilt (during metaphase) to ensure the chromosomes are correctly aligned

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

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9
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome??

A

They consist of a short (p) arm and a long (q) arm and are held together by a centromere

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10
Q

What are the 4 chromosome structures due to centromere placement?

A

Metacentric, submetacentric, Acrocentric and telocentric

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11
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Nuclear Membrane disappears, chromosomes form

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12
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Spindle fibres bind to centromeres, nuclear Membrane has completely disappeared

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13
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Replicated chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

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14
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Microtubules spindle pulls chromosomes apart to opposite poles

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15
Q

What happened in telophase?

A

Spindle disappeared, nuclear envelope reforms and a cleavage furrow forms as the cells start to be cleaved

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16
Q

What are homologous chromosome?

A

Chromosomes that have the same genes in the same loci, but different forms of the genes (alleles)

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17
Q

What does meiosis results in?

A

4 non-identical haploid cells

18
Q

What stage is present in mitosis but not meiosis?

A

Prometaphase

19
Q

What occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Synopsis occurs where the homologous chromosome pair up and crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids to form recombinant DNA

20
Q

What is the importance of crossing over?

A

It gives genetic variation

21
Q

What are the points at which crossing over occurs called?

A

Chiasmata

22
Q

How is metaphase 1 in meiosis different?

A

The homologous pairs (bivalents) line up on the metaphase plate and there is independent assortment of bivalents

23
Q

How is metaphase II different from metaphase I?

A

There is independent assortment of CHROMATIDS instead of BIVALENTS

24
Q

What is the consequence of meiosis?

A

It allows the chromosome number to remain constant from generation to generation

25
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Cell division(meiosis) to make male gametes

26
Q

What is the time length of spermatogenesis?

A

60 days

27
Q

Outline spermatogenesis

A

The spermatogonium (diploid) divides by mitosis to make primary spermatocytes (diploid). These then undergo meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocyte each which then undergoes meiosis II so that 4 spermatids are produced that develop into sperm cells

28
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Cell division by meiosis to produce female gametes

29
Q

Outline oogenesis

A

The Oogonium divides by mitosis to produce primary oocytes. The primary oocytes undergo meiosis to produce 1 mature ovum and 3 polar bodies.

30
Q

How long does oogensis take?

A

12-50 years

31
Q

When are primary oocytes produced?

A

In the foetus and then the final stage of meiosis occurs after fertilisation

32
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Failure to separate chromosomes properly during meiosis

33
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Having not normal amounts of chromosomes

34
Q

Is nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I how many of the daughter cells are affected?

A

All 4

35
Q

If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II how many daughter cells are affected?

A

Only 2

36
Q

What is karyotyping?

A

A type of chromosome analysis

37
Q

What is trisomy?

A

A cell which contains 3 of the same chromosomes instead of 2

38
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When a cell contains only 1 chromosome of a pair

39
Q

What is non-mosaic karyotype?

A

When a nondisjunction occurs in the first post-zygotes division and so all cells in the body are affected

40
Q

What is mosaic karyotype?

A

When non-disjunction occurs in later divisions and so not all cells are affected.

41
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Organelles that organise microtubules in the cell cycle. There are 2 in a cell

42
Q

What happens when you have more than 2 centrosomes?

A

There are multipolar spindles (chromosomes are pulled apart in multiple directions)

Phase 1 - S1 Medical Cell Biology And Genetics (13 decks)

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