Cell Cycle Flashcards
G1 phase
2n; organelles and protein are growing and dividing
S phase
4n; chromosomes have duplicated
G2 phase
4n; more growth of cell; extra cytoplasm and necessary enzymes
M phase
2 (2n); cell divides into two identical daughter cells
G0 phase
resting phase; restriction point between committed G1 phase and resting Go phase
Prophase
DNA separates into sister chromatids; spindle assembles
Metaphase
chromatids align on plate; pulled by kinetochores
Anaphase
chromatids separate; spindle disassembles
Telophase
chromosomes packed into nuclei; cytokinesis
Restriction checkpoint
between G1 and S phase; needs G1/S cyclin
G2/M checkpoint
between G2 and M phase; needs G2/M cyclin
Spindle assembly checkpoint
metaphase to anaphase transition; assembly checked
DNA damage checkpoints
at G1, S and G2 before any dividing occurs
S cyclin
triggers chromosomal duplication
M cyclin
triggers progression past G2/M phase
G1/S cyclin
moves through restriction point using growth factors
MAP/M-Cdk
what starts mitosis; is M-Cdk with M cyclin
Mitotic spindle
made of Mts (kinetochore and astral)
Centrosome
made of Mts and motor proteins
Kinetochore
built on heterochromatin and centromere (made of Mts) which de-polymerize
RhoA
helps with cytoskeleton; activated RhoA (using GEF) helps cells cleave at telophase
APC/C
anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome; degrades all the cyclins and securins; allows for separation of chromatids by separase which cleaves cohesins
