Cell Cycle

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

all of a cell’s DNA

Question 2

chromosome

Answer 2

a long strand of DNA + associated proteins

Question 3

chromatin

Answer 3

all the cell’s chromosomes (DNA + associated proteins)

Question 4

somatic cells

Answer 4

body cells, not reproductive cells

Question 5

gametes

Answer 5

reproductive cells

Question 6

sister chromatids

Answer 6

a duplicated chromosome has two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere

Question 7

centromere

Answer 7

a region in the middle of a chromosome, sister chromatids can attach there

Question 8

mitosis

Answer 8

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Question 9

cytokinesis

Answer 9

the division of the cytoplasm

Question 10

phases of the cell cycle

Answer 10

Interphase: G1, S, G2; and Mitosis: M

Question 11

G1 phase

Answer 11

the cell grows

Question 12

S phase

Answer 12

the cell grows, and copies its chromosomes

Question 13

G2 phase

Answer 13

the cell grows and prepared to divide

Question 14

M phase

Answer 14

mitosis

Question 15

phase of mitosis

Answer 15

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 16

mitotic spindle

Answer 16

the microtubules that move chromosomes during mitosis

Question 17

centrosome

Answer 17

the microtubule-organizing center

Question 18

aster

Answer 18

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

Question 19

kinetochore

Answer 19

a structure of proteins near the centromere where the spindle fibers can attach during cell division

Question 20

checkpoint

Answer 20

a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle

Question 21

basic cell checkpoints

Answer 21

mid G1, end G2, mid M

Question 22

G0

Answer 22

the phase a cell enters if it fails to pass the G1 checkpoint, a nondividing state

Question 23

proteins kinases

Answer 23

enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them (adding a phosphate group, and making them more reactive)

Question 24

cyclin

Answer 24

a protein that whose concentration fluctuations cyclically in the cell

Question 25

cyclin-dependent kinases

Answer 25

(Cdks) protein kinases that must have cyclin attached to them to be active; ex: MPF, regulates G2 checkpoint

Question 26

concentration of cyclin and Cdks

Answer 26

cyclin fluctuates; Cdks stays relatively constant

Question 27

growth factor

Answer 27

a protein relased by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide; ex: PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor

Question 28

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 28

when cells stop dividing because they run into other cells

Question 29

anchorage dependence

Answer 29

cells must be attached to something; cells generally grow in a single layer