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Biology 1 > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) which is perferated by nuclear pores and continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

ribosome

A

2 subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER

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3
Q

endoplasmic reticulim (ER)

A

extensive network of membranes bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope; 2 parts: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes)

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4
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flattened membraneous sacs; has polarity (cis and trans faces)

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5
Q

Lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)

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6
Q

vacuole

A

Large membrane-bounded vesicle

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7
Q

mitochondrion

A

Bounded by double membraine; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae)

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8
Q

chloroplast

A

typically two membraines around fluid stroma, which contains thylakiods stacked into grana (in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes, like plants)

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9
Q

peroxisome

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

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10
Q

nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatin (DNA and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made; nuclear pores regulate entry and exit of materials

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11
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulim (ER)

A

Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons; Rough ER: aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteinsl produces new membrane

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products which ar ethen released into vesicles

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

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15
Q

vacuole

A

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection

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16
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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18
Q

peroxisome

A

contains enzymes that transfer H atoms from substrates to O, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product which is then converted to water by another enzyme

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19
Q

nucleus

A

double membrane organelle that contains most of the genes in a euk cell

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20
Q

nucleoid

A

the region where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by nuclear pores

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22
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a netlike array of protein filaments attached to the inside of the nuclear envelope that mains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

discrete units (long strands) of DNA in the nucleus, proteins help coil it up

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24
Q

chromatin

A

the chromosomes + the proteins that help coil the chromosomes in the nucleus

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25
Q

nucleolus

A

a clump(s) within the nucleus; synthesizes ribosomal RNA, large and small subunits of ribosomes assembled here

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26
Q

ribosomes

A

complexes made of rRNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis, can be free or bound

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27
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes

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28
Q

nuclear pore

A

connects the nucleus to the ER

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29
Q

endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vaculoes, and the plasma membrane

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30
Q

vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane

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31
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

an extensive network of membranes, attached to the nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER

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32
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes; processes include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions

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33
Q

rough ER

A

has attached ribosomes; ribosomes create proteins made into glycoproteins to be secreted, secretory proteins depart wrapped in membranes of vesicles that bud from the transitional ER; membrane factory for the cell; makes phospholipids

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34
Q

glycoproteins

A

most secretory proteins are this kind; proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them; the carbohydrates are attached to the proteins in the ER by enzymes built into the ER membrane

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35
Q

transport vesicles

A

vesicles that transit from one part of the cell to another

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

“a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing” products of the ER are modified, stored, and sent to other destinations

37
Q

cisterna(e)

A

flattened membraneous sacs, looks like a stack of pita bread

38
Q

faces of Golgi apparatus

A

cis face (near ER) - receiving; trans face - shipping

39
Q

lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules

40
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs a smaller cell/organism or food particle forming a food vacuole which fuses with a lysosome and is digested

41
Q

autophagy

A

the process by which lysosomes recycle the cell’s own material

42
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus; variety of functions; ex: food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuole in plant cells, enzymatic hydrolysis in plants

43
Q

food vacuoles

A

formed in phagocytosis

44
Q

contractile vacuole

A

pump excess water out of the cell

45
Q

central vacuole

A

large vacuole found in most plant cells, contains cell sap (contains inorganic ions, water), absorbing water can change the size of the cell

46
Q

mitochondria

A

the sites of cellular respiration in animal cells, enclosed by a double membrane

47
Q

cristae

A

the infoldings in the convoluted inner membrane of a mitochondria

48
Q

intermembrane space (mitochondria)

A

the space between the membranes of a mitochondria

49
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

the space inclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondria; contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

50
Q

chloroplasts

A

the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells; double membrane; contains the green pigment chlorophyll

51
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened interconnected sacs in chloroplasts

52
Q

granum (grana)

A

a stack of thylakoids

53
Q

stroma

A

the fluid outside the thylakoids, contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes

54
Q

plastids

A

doubled membraned ‘sac-like’ organelles, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food in plant cells; ex: chloroplast

55
Q

peroxisome

A

a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product which is then converted to water by enzymes; beta-oxidation

56
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

theory explaining the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts; these key organelles originiated as symbioses between separare single-celled organisms. Ancient prokaryotic bacteria were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells and became a cell living within the host cell (an endosymbiont). Mitochondria from non-photosynthetic endosymbionts, and chloroplasts from photosynthetic endosymbionts.

57
Q

evidence supporting endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and cholorplasts: 1) have double membranes 2) contain ribosomes and circular DNA 3) are autonomous

58
Q

cytosol

A

a semifluid, jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended

59
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that functions in structural support for the cell and in motility and signal transmission; composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

60
Q

cell motility

A

changes in cell location, and limited movements of parts of the cell; generally requires the interaction of cytoskeleton and motor proteins

61
Q

motor proteins

A

a class of molecular motors that are able to move along the surface of a suitable substrate

62
Q

microtubules

A

the thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of tubulin (forms hollow tube); maintains cell shape (resists compression), cell motility (cillia, flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements

63
Q

microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of actin (forms 2 twisted strands); maintains cell shape (under tension), changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (pseudopodia), cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

64
Q

intermediate filaments

A

the medium sized filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of fibrous proteins coiled into thicker cables; maintains cell shape (tension), anchors nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina; more permanent

65
Q

centrosome

A

“microtubule-organizing center” located near nucleus, found in animal cells

66
Q

centrioles

A

2 found in centrosome at right angles; churro looking, where the cell’s microtubules are initiated

67
Q

flagella

A

undulating motion, made of microtubules

68
Q

cillia

A

oar like motion, made of microtubules

69
Q

dyneines

A

large motor proteins that move flagella and motile cilia; walking motion on one side and holding on to the other side

70
Q

basal body

A

anchors flagella or cillia to the cell

71
Q

actin

A

a globular proteins that makes up mircofilaments

72
Q

cortex

A

a specialized layer of cytoplasm on the inner face of the plasma membrane that functions as a mechanical support of the plasma membrane. In animal cells it is an actin-rich layer responsible for movements of the cell surface

73
Q

myosin (motors)

A

a motor protein that walks along actin filaments, help change cell shape, contraction of muscle cells, pseudopodia

74
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (like large plant cells)

75
Q

microvilli

A

cellular extensions reinforced by bundles of microfilaments

76
Q

examples of mircofilaments (actin filaments) at work

A

myosin motors in muscle cell contraction; amoeboid movement; cytoplasmic streaming in plants; microvilli

77
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

the stuff outside the cell, contains glycoproteins (like collagen) and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cell

78
Q

collagen

A

the most abundant glycoprotein in animal cells, forms strong fibers

79
Q

proteoglycans

A

embeds collogen in a web, made of small core proteins and many attached carbohydrate chains

80
Q

fibronectin

A

attaches the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane

81
Q

integrins

A

proteins with 2 subunits embedded in the plasma membrane, anchor cell to ECM via fibronectin on one side and on the other side attached to microfilaments, this linkage can transmit signals from outside the cell

82
Q

plasmodesmata

A

membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect plant cells and allow for interaction/communication

83
Q

tight junctions

A

the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid, found in animal cells

84
Q

desmosomes

A

molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments; these attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle

85
Q

gap junctions

A

membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect animal cells and allow for interaction/communication, small molecules can pass though

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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