Cell cycle

Question 1

4 phases of cell cycle

Answer 1

Gap 1(G1)
Synthesis of DNA (S)
Gap 2 (G2)
Mitosis (M)

Question 2

interphase

Answer 2

the first 3 phases of cell cycle

Question 3

G1 phase

Answer 3

cell grows (increases in size)
increases the number of organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes

Question 4

S phase

Answer 4

DNA replicates
amount of DNA in the cell doubles
histones are produced

Question 5

G2 phase

Answer 5

rapid cell growth, prepping the cell for mitosis
cells have to be
checked to ensure the DNA and chromosomes have no damages
checkpoint mainly regulated by a tumour suppressor protein known as p53
DNA damage is observed either the cell’s DNA undergoes repair or the cell undergoes apoptosis in futile cases
One of the mainstays of cancer is the mutation of p53 which allows uncontrollable division of cells with damaged DNA

Question 6

M phase

Answer 6

cell undergoes nuclear division (Karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to create the 2 daughter cells

Question 7

Karyokinesis

Answer 7

cell separates chromosomes in its nucleus into 2 identical sets into 2 nuclei
condensed sister chromatids attach to microtubules and are pulled to opposite cellular poles

Question 8

Karyokinesis and cytokinesis 6 phases

Answer 8

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 9

Prophase

Answer 9

nuclear membrane breaks down
nucleolus disintegrates
centrosome duplicates and moves to opposite ends of the cell
centrosomes organize the
microtubules that give rise to the mitotic spindle chromosomes become condensed
each replicated chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids held by a centromere

Question 10

Prometaphase

Answer 10

chromosomes align in the centre of the cell at right angles to the centrosomes
spindle fibres bind to the kinetochore (structures on the centromere)
chromosomes continue to condense

Question 11

Metaphase

Answer 11

chromosomes attach to the metaphase plate of the mitotic spindle

Question 12

Anaphase

Answer 12

centromere divides and sister chromatids are separated to the opposite ends of the cell by the mitotic spindle pulling on the kinetochore

Question 13

Telophase

Answer 13

nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes on each end of the cell and spindle fibres disappear

Question 14

Cytokinesis

Answer 14

cytoplasm splits into 2 making 2 new cells

Question 15

Cancer

Answer 15

uncontrollable division of cells that usually occur due to mutated tumour suppressor proteins, thus cell division is unregulated

Question 16

Kinetochore

Answer 16

protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fibre on a chromosome

Question 17

Tumour suppressor proteins

Answer 17

regulate cell division

Question 18

Nuclear membrane

Answer 18

double membrane that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cell.
nuclear pores which allows the exit of materials from the nucleus is found on the nuclear membrane

Question 19

Nucleolus

Answer 19

compartment of the nucleus responsible for manufacturing and assembling ribosomes

Question 20

Interphase

Answer 20

resting/metabolic phase of a cell where the cell grows and replicates DNA. Also the longest phase of a eukaryotic cell cycle