Cell Cycle

Question 1

What does cell division result in?

Answer 1

identical daughter cells (most cell division)

Question 2

WHat is a genome?

Answer 2

all the DNA in a cell (total genetic info)

Question 3

What are DNA molecules packed into?

Answer 3

Chromosomes

Question 4

What are somatic cells?

Answer 4

non reproductive cells with 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 5

What are Gametes?

Answer 5

reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Question 6

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 6

duplicated chromosomes with replicated DNA

Question 7

What is the centromere?

Answer 7

narrow waist where the two chromatids are closely attached

Question 8

What are the two cell cycle phases?

Answer 8

Mitotic phase and interphase

Question 9

how is interphase split up?

Answer 9

G1 phase (Cell growth and organelle duplication
S phase (DNA synthesis, Chromosome duplication)
G2 phase ( cell growth preparing for mitosis

Question 10

What phases is mitosis split into?

Answer 10

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 11

what is the mitotic spindle?

Answer 11

microtubules controlling chromosome movement during mitosis. includes centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and the asters

Question 12

CEntrosome:

Answer 12

microtubule organizing center

one centrosome at each end of cell with microtubules growing out of them

Question 13

Aster?

Answer 13

radial array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome

Question 14

Spindle microtubules

Answer 14

kinetochore- Bind to sister chromatids

non kinetochore. unbinded, elongate with tubulin subunits to hold shape of cell

Question 15

G2 interphase

Answer 15

nuclear envelope intact, nucleoli present

centrosome duplicates, chromatin duplicate

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

nucleoili disappear, chromatin fibers tighten to form chromosomes.
centrosomes move away from eachother as microtubules lengthen
mitotic spindle forms

Question 17

prometaphase

Answer 17

nuclear envelope disintegrates; chromosomes condensed even more
microtubules attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

Question 18

metaphase

Answer 18

centrosomes at opposite ends of cell

chromosomes settle at metaphase plate

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

separase enzyme cleaves cohesion protens to allow chromatids to separate
chromatids move to poles of cell as kinetochore microtubules shorten by depolymerization
non-kinetochore microtubules lenthen and push against eachother to elongate cell

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

daughter cells divide along cleavage furrow as two new nuclei form

Question 21

What is binary fission?

Answer 21

asexual reproduction of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

Question 22

What is the cell cycle control system?

Answer 22

Where the events of the cell cycle are directed.
It has check points at the G1 phase, G2 phase and Mitotic phase. each phase must meet requirements to continue to the next phase

Question 23

what are the two types of regulatory proteins in cell cycle?

Answer 23

Cyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases (Cdks)

Question 24

what is MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

Answer 24

cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cells passage past G2 checkpoint to Mitotic phase

Question 25

what are examples of external signals of cell division?

Answer 25

Density-dependent inhibition- crowded cells stop dividing Anchorage dependence- cells must be attatched to a substratum for division Cancer cells exhibit neither of these

Question 26

what are benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 26

benign is when abnormal cells remains at the origional site | Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other part of the body