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General Biology 1 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

The “decision-making step”
• start the cell cycle
• rest
• permanently exit the cell cycle to become differentiated cell.
..

A

G1 or Gap 1 phase

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2
Q

The “synthesis phase”
• DNA replication
• Nucleus becomes larger with twice the amount of
DNA

A

S phase

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3
Q

• Growth and final preparation for mitosis
• Double checking of the duplicated chromosomes

A

G2 or Gap 2 phase

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4
Q

. The “mitosis phase”
• At the end of the ———, the somatic cell undergoes a physical division via (cvtokinesis
• Cytoplasmic membrane separates to create 2 hew cells

A

M phase

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5
Q

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated.

A

G1

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6
Q

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

A

S phase

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7
Q

The cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

A

G2

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8
Q

spindle fiber emerge, centrosome move toward opposite poles

A

Interphase

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9
Q

chromosomes condensed, kinetochore microtubules appear at the centromeres, spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

A

Prophase

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10
Q

Chromosomes lined at the ——— plate; each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

A

Metaphase

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11
Q

Centromeres split in two; sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles;

A

Anaphase

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12
Q

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle breaks down, spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

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13
Q

Mitosis happens in ——— cells

A

Somatic/body cells

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14
Q

Mitosis has — stages in total (plus interphase)

A

4

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15
Q

Mitosis produces — daughter cells

A

2 diploid

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16
Q

• Cell prepares for cell division
• DNA is in chromatin form
• Spindle fiber emerge
• Centrosomes move to opposite poles

A

Interphase

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17
Q

• Chromosomes condensed and becomes visible
• Nucleus disintegrates
• Kinetochores appear at the centromere region
• Spindle fibers start to attach to kinetochores

A

Prophase

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18
Q

• Chromosomes lined at the
metaphase plate
• Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

A

Metaphase

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19
Q

• Centromeres split in two
• Sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

A

Anaphase

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20
Q

• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
• Nuclear envelope reappears
• Spindle fiber breaks down
• Chromosomes starts to uncoil

A

Telophase

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21
Q

• Cytoplasm divides
• The parental cell forms 2 new daughter cells
• DNA is in chromatin form again

A

Cytokinesis

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22
Q

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

A

Chromosomes

23
Q

are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci.

A

Homologous chromosomes

24
Q

sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell

A

Gametes

25
Q

The presence of two sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cell

A

Diploid

26
Q

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

A

Haploid

27
Q

• Cell prepares for cell division
• DNA is in chromatin form
• Spindle fiber emerge
• Centrosomes move to opposite poles

A

Interphase

28
Q

• Homologous chromosomes pair up
• Crossing over happens
• Nuclear envelope disintegrate and spindle fiber emerge

A

Prophase I

29
Q

• Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
• Spindle fibers attach to
kinetochores

A

Metaphase I

30
Q

• The spindle fibers pulls the homologous
pairs to opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

31
Q

• Cytoplasm divides
• Two diploid cells form
• Chromosomes are still in double form
• Spindle fiber breaks down

A

Telophase 1

32
Q

is a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

A

Crossing over

33
Q

the
chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms

A

Prophase II

34
Q

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

A

Metaphase II

35
Q

sister chromatids split and pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

A

Anaphase II

36
Q

single chromosomes are on the opposite poles, cleavage furrow and nuclear envelope appears, spindle fiber breaks down

A

Telophase II

37
Q

cytoplasm divides and 4 new haploid cells are formed

A

Cytokinesis II

38
Q

Meiosis happens in ——— cells

A

Gametes/sex

39
Q

Meiosis have —— stages in total (plus interphase)

A

8

40
Q

Meiosis produces —— daughter cells

A

4 haploid

41
Q

Chromosome number is halved in each daughter cell (—chromosomes each)

A

23

42
Q

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

A

Control system

43
Q

is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

A

Checkpoint

44
Q

a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

A

Growth factor

45
Q

is exhibited in anchorage-dependent cells. These cells cannot survive or divide unless they are attached to a surface

A

Anchorage dependence

46
Q

a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

A

Density-dependent inhibitions

47
Q

have gene mutations that turn the cell from a normal cell into a cancer cell. These gene mutations may be inherited, develop over time as we get older and genes wear out, or develop if we are around something that damages our genes, like cigarette smoke, alcohol or ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

A

Cancer cells

48
Q

is an organized profile of a person’s chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

49
Q

is done to know a person’s genetic disorders and some birth defects

A

Karyotype test

50
Q

• Serious and rare genetic disorder (1 in every 4,000 births)
• Additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body’s cells
• 3 copies of chromosome 13, instead of 2
• risk increases with the mother’s age
• 9 out of 10 die during the first year (usually die before or after birth)

A

Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13)

51
Q

• Rare but serious condition (death before or shortly after birth)
• About 13 in 100 only live past their 1st birthday
• 3 copies of chromosome number 18
instead of 2

A

Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)

52
Q

• Genetic condition where chromosome
21 has extra copy
• The extra chromosome changes a person’s brain development - mental and physical challenges
• Most common chromosomal condition
• Occurs in about 1 in every 700 babies

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

53
Q

• Affects only females
I l • One of the sex chromosomes is missing

A

Turner’s syndrome (monosomy x)

54
Q

• Affects only males
• Instead of XY, they have extra X chromosome (XXY)
• affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone
• Low or no sperm count

A

Klinefelter syndrome ( XXY)

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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