Cell Cycle

Question 1

The “decision-making step”
• start the cell cycle
• rest
• permanently exit the cell cycle to become differentiated cell.
..

Answer 1

G1 or Gap 1 phase

Question 2

The “synthesis phase”
• DNA replication
• Nucleus becomes larger with twice the amount of
DNA

Answer 2

S phase

Question 3

• Growth and final preparation for mitosis
• Double checking of the duplicated chromosomes

Answer 3

G2 or Gap 2 phase

Question 4

. The “mitosis phase”
• At the end of the ———, the somatic cell undergoes a physical division via (cvtokinesis
• Cytoplasmic membrane separates to create 2 hew cells

Answer 4

M phase

Question 5

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated.

Answer 5

G1

Question 6

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

Answer 6

S phase

Question 7

The cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

Answer 7

G2

Question 8

spindle fiber emerge, centrosome move toward opposite poles

Answer 8

Interphase

Question 9

chromosomes condensed, kinetochore microtubules appear at the centromeres, spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Answer 9

Prophase

Question 10

Chromosomes lined at the ——— plate; each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

Answer 10

Metaphase

Question 11

Centromeres split in two; sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles;

Answer 11

Anaphase

Question 12

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle breaks down, spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

Answer 12

Telophase and cytokinesis

Question 13

Mitosis happens in ——— cells

Answer 13

Somatic/body cells

Question 14

Mitosis has — stages in total (plus interphase)

Answer 14

4

Question 15

Mitosis produces — daughter cells

Answer 15

2 diploid

Question 16

• Cell prepares for cell division
• DNA is in chromatin form
• Spindle fiber emerge
• Centrosomes move to opposite poles

Answer 16

Interphase

Question 17

• Chromosomes condensed and becomes visible
• Nucleus disintegrates
• Kinetochores appear at the centromere region
• Spindle fibers start to attach to kinetochores

Answer 17

Prophase

Question 18

• Chromosomes lined at the
metaphase plate
• Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

Answer 18

Metaphase

Question 19

• Centromeres split in two
• Sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

Answer 19

Anaphase

Question 20

• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
• Nuclear envelope reappears
• Spindle fiber breaks down
• Chromosomes starts to uncoil

Answer 20

Telophase

Question 21

• Cytoplasm divides
• The parental cell forms 2 new daughter cells
• DNA is in chromatin form again

Answer 21

Cytokinesis

Question 22

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

Answer 22

Chromosomes

Question 23

are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci.

Answer 23

Homologous chromosomes

Question 24

sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell

Answer 24

Gametes

Question 25

The presence of two sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cell

Answer 25

Diploid

Question 26

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

Answer 26

Haploid

Question 27

• Cell prepares for cell division • DNA is in chromatin form • Spindle fiber emerge • Centrosomes move to opposite poles

Answer 27

Interphase

Question 28

• Homologous chromosomes pair up • Crossing over happens • Nuclear envelope disintegrate and spindle fiber emerge

Answer 28

Prophase I

Question 29

• Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate • Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Answer 29

Metaphase I

Question 30

• The spindle fibers pulls the homologous pairs to opposite poles

Answer 30

Anaphase I

Question 31

• Cytoplasm divides • Two diploid cells form • Chromosomes are still in double form • Spindle fiber breaks down

Answer 31

Telophase 1

Question 32

is a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

Answer 32

Crossing over

Question 33

the chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms

Answer 33

Prophase II

Question 34

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Answer 34

Metaphase II

Question 35

sister chromatids split and pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

Answer 35

Anaphase II

Question 36

single chromosomes are on the opposite poles, cleavage furrow and nuclear envelope appears, spindle fiber breaks down

Answer 36

Telophase II

Question 37

cytoplasm divides and 4 new haploid cells are formed

Answer 37

Cytokinesis II

Question 38

Meiosis happens in ——— cells

Answer 38

Gametes/sex

Question 39

Meiosis have —— stages in total (plus interphase)

Answer 39

8

Question 40

Meiosis produces —— daughter cells

Answer 40

4 haploid

Question 41

Chromosome number is halved in each daughter cell (—chromosomes each)

Answer 41

23

Question 42

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

Answer 42

Control system

Question 43

is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

Answer 43

Checkpoint

Question 44

a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

Answer 44

Growth factor

Question 45

is exhibited in anchorage-dependent cells. These cells cannot survive or divide unless they are attached to a surface

Answer 45

Anchorage dependence

Question 46

a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

Answer 46

Density-dependent inhibitions

Question 47

have gene mutations that turn the cell from a normal cell into a cancer cell. These gene mutations may be inherited, develop over time as we get older and genes wear out, or develop if we are around something that damages our genes, like cigarette smoke, alcohol or ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

Answer 47

Cancer cells

Question 48

is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes.

Answer 48

Karyotype

Question 49

is done to know a person's genetic disorders and some birth defects

Answer 49

Karyotype test

Question 50

• Serious and rare genetic disorder (1 in every 4,000 births) • Additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells • 3 copies of chromosome 13, instead of 2 • risk increases with the mother's age • 9 out of 10 die during the first year (usually die before or after birth)

Answer 50

Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13)

Question 51

• Rare but serious condition (death before or shortly after birth) • About 13 in 100 only live past their 1st birthday • 3 copies of chromosome number 18 instead of 2

Answer 51

Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)

Question 52

• Genetic condition where chromosome 21 has extra copy • The extra chromosome changes a person's brain development - mental and physical challenges • Most common chromosomal condition • Occurs in about 1 in every 700 babies

Answer 52

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 53

• Affects only females I l • One of the sex chromosomes is missing

Answer 53

Turner’s syndrome (monosomy x)

Question 54

• Affects only males • Instead of XY, they have extra X chromosome (XXY) • affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone • Low or no sperm count

Answer 54

Klinefelter syndrome ( XXY)